Download The Muslim World, 622-1629

The Muslim World,
622-1629
Chapter 11
I. Rise of Islam
A. Muhammad Became the
Prophet of Islam
1.
2.
3.
4.
said he heard the angel Gabriel calling him to
be the messenger of God.
devoted his life to spreading Islam.
made a journey from Mecca to Medina.
returned to Mecca and worked to unite Arabs
under Islam.
B. The Teachings of Islam
1. Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula and became one of
the world’s major religions.
2. Islam is monotheistic, based on the belief in one God.
3. Muslims believe that the Quran contains the sacred word
of God and is the final authority on all matters.
4. All Muslims accept five duties, known as the Five Pillars
of Islam:
a. faith
b. daily prayer
c. charity
d. fasting during Ramadan
e. hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca
C. Islam as a Way of Life
1.
The Islamic system of law, called Sharia,
regulated moral conduct, family life, business
practices, government, and other aspects of a
Muslim community.
2.
Unlike the law codes that evolved in the West,
the Sharia does not separate religious matters
from criminal or civil law.
II. Islam Spreads
A. An Age of Conquests
1.
Muhammad dies in 632.
2.
Arab armies under the first four caliphs
conquer great chunks of the Persian and
Byzantine empires.
B. Muslims Conquer Many Lands?
1.
The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from
years of fighting each other.
2.
People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab
conquerors as liberators.
3.
The Arabs used bold, efficient fighting methods, which
overwhelmed traditional armies.
4.
The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of tribes
into a determined, unified state.
C. Spread of Islam: Effects
1.
Immediate Effects:

a. Islam spreads from the Atlantic coast to
the Indus Valley
 b. Centers of learning flourish in Cairo,
Córdoba, and elsewhere
2. Long-Term Effects:

a. Muslim civilization emerges
 b. Linking of Europe, Asia, and Africa
through Muslim trade network
 c. Arabic becomes shared language of
Muslims
 d. Split between Sunni and Shiites
D. Movements Within Islam
1.
SUNNI
 a. Believed caliph, or successor to Muhammad,
should be chosen by leaders of the Muslim
community.
 b. Viewed caliph as a leader, not as a religious
authority.
D. Movements Within Islam
2.
SHIITES
 a. Believed that only descendents of Muhammad
could become caliph.
 b. Believed descendents of Muhammad to be
divinely inspired.
3.
SUFI
 a. Sought to communicate with God through
meditation, fasting, and other rituals.
E. The Umayyads and the
Abbassids
1.
UMAYYADS:

a. Set up dynasty that ruled until 750
 b. Conquered lands from Atlantic to the
Indus Valley
 c. Relied on local officials to govern the
empire
 d. Faced economic tensions between
wealthy and poor Arabs
2.
ABBASSIDS:
 a.
Overthrew the Umayyads in 750
 b. Ended Arab dominance and helped make
Islam a universal religion
 c. Empire of the caliphs reached its greatest
wealth and power
 d. Muslim civilization enjoyed a golden age
F. Decline of the Muslim Empire
1. Despite the decline of the empire, Islam continued to link
diverse people across an enormous area.
2. Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain
centralized control, and the empire fragmented.
3. In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and
built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent.
4. In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders dominated the
Middle East.
III. Golden Age of Muslim
Civilization
A. Muslim Society
1.
Muslim rulers united people from diverse cultures. As a
result, Muslim civilization absorbed and blended many
traditions.
2.
The class distinction between Arabs and non-Arabs
faded over time.
3.
People enjoyed a certain degree of social mobility, the
ability to move up in social class.
4.
Slavery was a common institution.
B. The Muslim Economy
1.
Between 750 and 1360, merchants built a vast trading
network across the Muslim world and beyond.
2.
New business practices were established, such as
partnerships, credit, banks, and bank checks.
3.
Handicraft manufacturing in cities was organized by
guilds.
4.
Outside the cities, agriculture flourished.
C. Influences on Art and Literature
1.
Muslim art and literature was influenced
by all of the following:


a. Islamic religion
b. Skills and styles of Greeks, Romans,
Persians, Indians, and other peoples with
whom they came in contact
 c. Traditions of the many people living under
Muslim rule
D. Muslim Advances in Learning
1. PHILOSOPHY
 a.
Scholars tried to harmonize Greek ideas of reason
with religious teachings of Islam.
 b. Ibn Khaldun set standards for scientific study of
history.
2. MATHEMATICS
 a.
Scholars studied Indian and Greek mathematics.
 b. Al-Khwarizmi pioneered the study of algebra and
wrote mathematics textbook that became standard in
Europe.
3. ASTRONOMY
 a.
Al-Khwarizmi developed astronomical tables.
 b. Astronomers calculated circumference of the Earth.
4. MEDICINE
 a.
Government set up hospitals with emergency
rooms.
 b. Muhammad al-Razi studied measles and smallpox.
 c. Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia.
 d. Surgeons developed treatment for cataracts.
IV. Muslims in India
A. The Delhi Sultanate
1.
In the 1100s, Muslim invaders entered northern India
and organized a sultanate, or land ruled by a sultan.




a. Sultans introduced Muslim traditions of government to India.
b. Many Turks, Persians, and Arabs migrated to India to serve
as soldiers or officials.
c. Trade between India and the Muslim world increased.
d. During the Mongol raids, many scholars fled from Baghdad to
India, bringing Persian and Greek learning.
B. Akbar the Great
1.
During his long reign, Akbar strengthened
Mughal India. Akbar accomplished the
following:






a. Implemented policy of religious toleration
b. Employed paid officials, instead of hereditary
officeholders
c. Modernized the army
d. Encouraged international trade
e. Standardized weights and measures
f. Introduced land reforms
V. The Ottoman and Safavid
Empires
A. “Gunpowder Empires”
1.
While the Mughals ruled India, the Ottomans and the
Safavids dominated the Middle East and parts of
Eastern Europe.
2.
All three owed much of their success to new military
technology, such as cannons and muskets.
3.
As a result, the period from about 1450 to 1650 is
sometimes called “the age of gunpowder empires.”
B. The Ottoman Empire Under
Suleiman
1.GOVERNMENT
 a.
Suleiman had absolute power.
 b. Ottoman law was based on Sharia.
 c. The Ottomans recruited government and
military officers from conquered people.
2. SOCIETY
 a.
Society was divided into four classes, with “men of
the pen” and “men of the sword” at the top.
 b. Non-Muslims were organized into millets, or
religious communities.
3. ARTS
 a.
 b.
Poets produced works in the Turkish language.
Painters produced detailed miniatures and
illuminated manuscripts.
 c. The royal architect Sinan designed magnificent
mosques and palaces.
C. Abbas the Great
1.
The most outstanding Safavid shah, or king, Abbas the
Great revived the glory of ancient Persia. During his
reign, he:








a. centralized government
b. created a powerful military force
c. strengthened the economy
d. tolerated non-Muslims and valued their economic
contributions
e. used a mixture of force and diplomacy against the Ottomans
f. forged alliances with European states
g. built a magnificent new capital at Isfahan
h. supported the growth of Persian culture