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Chapter 6 The World of Islam (600-1500) Section 1: The Rise of Islam The Arabs arose in the Arabian Peninsula of southwestern Asia in the seventh century. The Arabian Peninsula is mostly desert. The Arabs were a nomadic people. They organized into tribes ruled by a sheikh. Section 1 (continued) They were farmers and sheepherders who lived on the oases and in the rainfed areas on the peninsula. The domestication of the camel (in the first millennium B.C.) enabled them to populate more of the desert Section 1 (continued) Most Arabs were polytheistic (the belief of many gods) & recognized Allah as a supreme god. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built a house of worship called the Kaaba at Makkah (Mecca). A holy stone, called the Black Stone, is the cornerstone of the Kaaba. Section 1 (continued) The location of Makkah along a popular trade route increased the region’s importance. Section 1 (continued) Muhammad was born into a merchant family, orphaned at five, grew up to become a caravan manager, and married a rich widow named Khadija. He became troubles by the growing gap b/w generosity of most Makkans and the greediness of the wealthy elite, He began to visit the hills to meditate. According to Muslim teachings, Muhammad is believed to have received revelations from God during meditation. Section 1 (continued) Muhammad believed these revelations were the culmination of previous messages brought by Moses and Jesus. These revelations were written down in the Quran (the holy book of Islam). Islam means “peace through submission to the will of Allah.” Section 1 (continued) Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Islam has one God, Allah, and Muhammad is God’s prophet. Muhammad preached in Makkah but was disappointed by the response. He and his followers moved to Madinah (Medina) in 622 (the first year of the Islamic calendar). Section 1 (continued) Muhammad began to win support from people in Madinah, as well as from Arabs in the desert, known as bedouin. Muhammad became both a political and religious leader. He put together a military force. Section 1 (continued) In 630, he returned to Makkah; the city surrendered and most of the people converted to Islam. The Kaaba was declared a holy place of Islam. In 632, Muhammad died. Section 1 (continued) The Five Pillars of Islam are: 1. believe in one God whose prophet is Muhammad (belief) 2. pray five times a day (prayer) 3. give to the poor (charity) 4. Refrain from food & drink from dawn to sunset during Ramadan (ninth month of the calendar) (fasting) 5. make the pilgrimage (go to) to Makkah (pilgrimage) Section 1 (continued) Muslim scholars developed a law code known as the shari’ah which applied the teachings of the Quran to daily life. It regulates all aspects of Muslim life. Section 2: The Arab Empire and Its Successors Shortly after Muhammad’s death, some of his closest followers chose Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s father-in-law) to be their leader. In 632 Abu Bakr was named caliph (successor) to Muhammad. Section 2 (continued) Under his leadership, the Islamic world began to grow He overcome military efforts by the early Makkans to defeat his movement The Quran permitted jihad, or “struggle in the way of God”. The Muslims expanded their territory into parts of the Byzantine Empire, north Africa, and the Persian Empire. Section 2 (continued) When Abu Bakr died, he had no clear successor. In 656, Ali (Muhammad’s son-in-law) was chosen to be caliph, but he was assassinated. Conquered Christians and Jews (called “People of the Book” by Muslims) were able to practice their religion but those who would not convert to Islam were required to pay a special tax. The Umayyads In 661, Mu’awiyah became caliph. He established the Umayyad dynasty by making the office of caliph, called the caliphate, hereditary. He moved the capital from Madinah to Damascus in Syria. Section 2 (continued) The Arabs conquered the Berbers, rural people living in the Mediterranean coast of North Africa and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to occupy Spain. In 732, Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of Tours in Gaul (France) thus halting Arab expansion into Europe. Section 2 (continued) In 680, a revolt in present-day Iraq led by Hussein (2nd son of Ali)-son in-law of Muhammad) failed. This struggle led to a split in Islam: The Shia Muslims accepted only the descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam. The Sunni Muslims accepted the Umayyads as rulers. The Abbasid Dynasty Abu al-Abbas (a descendant of Muhammad’s uncle) overthrew the Umayyad dynasty in 750 and set up the Abbasid dynasty. The Abbasids built a new capital at Baghdad (Iraq). Eventually, rulers in the provinces began to establish their own dynasties. Suljuk Turk and the Crusades In 1055, the Seljuk Turks from central Asia captured Baghdad and took command of the empire. Their leader was known as the sultan (“holder of power”). Section 2 (continued) In 1071, the Byzantines lost control of the Anatolian Peninsula to the Turks. The Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked the Christian countries of Europe for help. Section 2 (continued) A series of Crusades by European Christians against the Muslims began in 1096. At first, the Christians won many battles. In 1187 ,however, Saladin (a new Muslim ruler) invaded the kingdom of Jerusalem and defeated the Christian forces there. The Mongols The Mongols swept out of the Gobi desert region in the early 13th century to control much of the known world. Beginning with leader Genghis Khan, the Mongols conquered most of Asia from China to the Red Sea. Section 2 (continued) The Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258. Schools, libraries, mosques (Muslim houses of worship), and palaces were burned to the ground. Eventually some Mongol rulers converted to Islam, and the Mongol empire split into separate kingdoms. Section 2 (continued) The new center of Islamic civilization became Cairo, in Egypt. Section 3: Islamic Civilization Trade flourished in the Arab Empire. The bazaar, or covered market, was an important part of every Muslim city. Most people still lived in the country, making their living by farming or herding animals. Muslims were not slaves, slaves were taken from Africa and other parts of Asia. Section 3 (continued) A Muslim man could have up to four wives. Muslim men were required to pay a dowry (a gift of money or property) for their brides. Section 3 (continued) The practice of having women cover virtually all parts of their bodies when appearing in public is still followed today in some parts of the Muslim world. Section 4: The Culture of Islam Works of Greek philosophy (including Plato and Aristotle) were translated into Arabic and housed in a library called the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Greek and Roman works that had been translated into Arabic were in turn translated into Latin in the 12th century making them available to the West. Section 4 (continued) Texts on mathematics were brought to Baghdad from India. The numerical system of India became known in Europe as the “Arabic system.” The Arabs developed the system of algebra which is still used today. Section 4 (continued) Transmission of such works was aided by the process of paper-making which was introduced from China in the 700s. The Arabs perfected the astrolabe which helps sailors determine latitude. Section 4 (continued) Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote a medical textbook that was translated into Latin and used in Europe. Avicenna stressed the contagious nature of certain diseases. Section 4 (continued) The most famous work of Arab literature is The 1001 Nights (The Arabian Nights) which includes the story of Aladdin and the magic lamp. Section 4 (continued) The best expression of Islamic arts (a blend of Arab, Turkish, and Persian traditions) is found in the Muslim mosques. Mosques feature a minaret (tower) from which a muezzin (crier) calls the faithful to prayer five times a day. Section 4 (continued) The finest ex. of an Islamic palace is the Alhambra in Granada, Spain; every inch of the castle’s surface is decorated in floral and abstract patterns. Islamic art consists of Arabic letter, plants, and abstract figures; these decorations are repeated in geometric patterns called arabesques. Section 4 (continued) Muhammad had warned against any attempt to imitate God by creating pictures of living beings. As a result no such figures (including Muhammad) appear in Islamic religious art.