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The World of Islam Section 1 The Rise of Islam The Arabs The Arabian Peninsula is a desert land. Arabs were nomads who moved constantly to find food and water. Organized into tribes with a Sheikh in charge. Were 1st shepards and raiders of trading caravans. Then became traders. Trade route developed between Makkah (Mecca) and Yemen. Towns prospered along route. Tensions developed between wealthy merchants and Bedouins (Arabs in the desert). The merchants were showing less and less concern for the welfare of their poorer clanspeople and slaves. Began as polytheistic. Traced ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the Kaaba, a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred black stone. 1 supreme god, Allah (Arab for “God”). Also worshipped other tribal gods. Problems with Mesopotamia and Egypt allowed the Arab trade route to prospered and became more popular. The Life of Muhammed Born in Makkah in 570. Became a caravan manager. Concerned about the gap between rich merchants and Makkans. Went to meditate & believed that Allah revealed to him his beliefs. These were written down into the Quran, the holy scriptures of Islam (“peace through submission to the will of Allah”). People who practice Islam are Muslims. They believe that there was only 1 God, Allah. Most people didn’t accept Muhammad’s revelations. So he & his followers moved to Yathrib, later renamed Medina (“city of the prophet”). This journey became known as the Hijrah in 622. Submission to the will of Allah meant submission to his prophet, Muhammad, who became both a political & religious leader. He formed a military and took over Mecca. They converted to Islam. Muhammad died in 632. The Teachings of Muhammad Islam is monotheistic. Allah created the universe and everything in it. Muhammad was a prophet, not divine. Allah sent his final revelation through Muhammad since his earlier prophets had been rejected. Five Pillars of Islam 1. Belief in Allah & his prophet Muhammad. 2. Standard prayer 5 times a day & public prayer on Fridays at midday. 3. Giving alms, such as food & money, to the poor. 4. Observance of the holy month Ramadan, including fasting from dawn to sunset. 5. Make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime called the hajj. Islam is a way of life. Shari’ah is a set of laws to regulate daily life. Muslims are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest behavior. Section 2 The Arab Empire and its Successors Creation of an Arab Empire When Muhammad died, he had not named a successor. This created a problem. They elected his father-in-law, Abu Bakr & named him caliph. He began raiding their enemies to expand the movement. Became known as jihad “struggle in the way of God”. Soldiers believed that if they died in battle, they were assured a place in Paradise. Conquered the entire Persian empire. Conquered people were not expected to convert, rather be loyal to Muslim rule & to pay taxes. After Abu Bakr died, the next 3 caliphs were assassinated. The Umayyads 661, Gen. Mu’awiyah became caliph. Used force when only necessary. He made the office hereditary. Created the Umayyad dynasty. Arabs conquered the Berbers in N. Africa. Tried to conquer Spain, but lost in the Battle of Tours in Gaul. Expansion in Europe ended. Non-Muslims felt they were treated unfairly. Hussein, led a revolt that split Islam into 2 groups: The Shiites, who accepted descendents of Ali as true caliphs and The Sunni, who accepted descendents of the Umayyads as caliphs. The Abbasid Dynasty 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyads. Built new capital at Baghdad on the caravan route from the Mediterranean to central Asia. Muslims could hold civil & military offices, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds. During the Golden Age of the Abbasid, Harun al-Rashid was known for his charity. Period of great prosperity. A vizier, advised the caliph and helped rule the empire. His sons fought over who would succeed him. Abbasid Empire broke apart. The Seljuk Turks The Fatimid dynasty in Egypt created an army of soldiers from other countries to fight for them. The Seljuk Turks were nomads from central Asia. Converted to Islam. 11th century took over the eastern provinces of the Abbasid Empire. Took over Baghdad and took command of the empire. Sultan (“holder of power”) became the political and military leader. Abbasid was religious leader. Defeated the Byzantines when they attacked. Took over most of Anatolian peninsula. The Crusades The Byzantine Emperor, who was Christian, asked for help against the Turks. 1096, a series of crusades began. They conquered areas & established crusader states. Saladin, made himself Sultan after taking control of Egypt, ended the Fatimid dynasty. Attacked the crusader states. Invaded Jerusalem and destroyed the Christian army there. Crusades ended and led to centuries of mistrust between Muslims & Christians. The Mongols 13th century had the Arab Empire being attacked by the Mongols. From the Gobi, they were destructive and cruel. Goal was to create so much terror that people would not fight back. Seized Persia & Mesopotamia. Hulegu hated Islam so he destroyed Baghdad. Unable to conquer Egypt. Cairo becomes new learning center of Islamic civilization. Mongols later converted to Islam and rebuilt many of the cities they had destoryed. Mongol Empire split into separate kingdoms. End of the old Islamic Empire. Section 3 Islamic Civilization Prosperity in the Islamic World Trade flourished under the Abbasid dynasty. Development of banking and the use of coins made it easier to buy/sell goods. Sahara- gold & slave China- silk & porcelain E. Africa- gold & ivory SE Asia & India- sandalwood & spices Egypt- grain Iraq- linen, dates, precious stones India- textile goods Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus became great trading cities. Bazaar, or covered markets were important part of every city/town. Most people still lived in the countrysides. Lived by farming & herding. Peasants owned most of the farmland. Later, wealthy landowners began to create large estates. Islamic Society Belief that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah. But not true. Ruling families, government officials, and wealthy merchants were the upper class. Slaves, because they were non-Muslims were never considered equal. Slaves served in the army & in households. Could buy their freedom. Should be treated fairly. Considered a good act to set them free. Women were not considered equal. Expected to be treated with respect by men. Had right to inherit/own property. Expected to be good wives/mothers. Had a male guardian. Parents arranged marriages. Men could have more than 1 wife, but no more than 4. Had to pay dowry (a gift of money/property) to their brides. Women stayed home. Covered nearly all of their body when in public. Section 4 The Culture Of Islam Preservation of Knowledge Arabs translated works of Aristotle and Plato & put them into the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. 12th century, translated into Latin and taken to Europe. Texts on math were brought from India. Paper brought from China in 8th century. Paper factories built in Baghdad to help preserve the knowledge. Philosophy, Science, & History Islamic scholars made great contributions in math & science. Adopted & passed on numerical system of India. In Europe, became known as “Arabic” system. Set up observatory in Baghdad & named many stars. Iranian mathematician created algebra. Improved the astrolabe. Developed medicine as a field of scientific study. Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia. He stressed the contagious diseases. Ibn-Khaldun wrote Muqaddimah (Introduction to History). Believed that civilizations go through regular cycles of birth, growth, and decay. Literature Quran was the greatest work of literature. Rubaiyat and 1001 Nights (The Arabian Nights) were both told orally and written down later. Both are a collection of folktales, fables, and romances, including Aladdin. Architecture Islamic art was a blend of Arab, Turkish, and Persian traditions. Muslim Mosques were the greatest examples. Minaret, was the tower that the muezzin or crier calls the faithful to prayer 5 times a day. Most decorations consisted of Arabic letters, abstract figures, and floral designs repeating over & over in geometric patterns called arabesques.