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Islam The Arabs • towns developed as Arabs carried goods between the Indian Ocean & the Mediterranean, the end of the Silk Road. • trace their ancestors to Abraham & his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built a shrine at Makkah (Mecca) called the Kaaba The Life of Muhammad Islam • Muhammad received revelations from God while meditating in the hills. • he believed Allah revealed himself partially through Moses (Judaism) & Jesus (Christianity) & that Allah’s final revelations were to him. • his revelations became the Quran, the holy scriptures of Islam. • Islam = “peace through submission to the will of Allah.” The Life of Muhammad (cont.) Islam • Quran contains ethical guidelines for Muslims (those who practice Islam) • one God = Allah; Muhammad is God’s prophet. • people in Makkah didn’t believe him, so Muhammad & some of his followers moved north to Madinah (Medina = “city of the prophet”) • Muhammad won support from residents of Madinah & surrounding Bedouin tribes. • formed the first community of practicing Muslims. The Life of Muhammad (cont.) Islam • In 630, Muhammad returned to Makkah with ten thousand men. • city surrendered & many residents converted to Islam. • declared the Kaaba a sacred shrine. • All Muslims are encouraged to make a pilgrimage, known as the hajj, to Makkah. The Teachings of Muhammad • Islam is monotheistic. Islam • Allah is the all-powerful creator of everything. • Islam offers salvation & the hope of an afterlife to its followers. • Muhammad is not considered divine, as Jesus is in the Christian religion; he’s a prophet who conveys Allah’s final revelations. • To obey Allah’s will, Muslims must follow an ethical code comprised of the Five Pillars of Islam. The Teachings of Muhammad (cont.) Islam 1. belief–there is no deity but the One God, & Muhammad is his messenger 2. prayer–perform prescribed prayers 5x/day 3. charity–give part of one’s wealth to the poor 4. fasting–refrain from food & drink from dawn to sunset during the month of Ramadan 5. pilgrimage–make a pilgrimage to Makkah at least once in a lifetime. • The faithful who follow the law are guaranteed a place in an eternal paradise. The First Three Caliphs Islam •Abu Bakr (632-634) •Caliph: leader of the Muslim community, not a prophet. •Friend of Muhammad’s •Faced two main problems •1. False prophets claimed to be successor of Muhammad •2. Secession of Arabic tribes from Ummah (Muslim Community) •Expanded Muslim community into parts of Byzantine and Persia UMAR (634-644 AD) Islam • Expanded Ummah to Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Western Persia, and parts of North Africa. • Expanded the use of jihad • Gave more structure to administration of Muslim state: created tax system. UTHMAN (644-656 AD) Islam • Muhammad’s son in law • First years or rule were peaceful, but later had financial problems. • Murdered by Egyptians • Start of open political and religious conflict in Muslim community. Ali’s Caliphate and the Division Between Sunni’s and Shi’as Islam Mu’awiya Ali • • Umayyad Leader • Syrian Governor • Increased pressure on • • Ali • Uthman member and leader of the Umayyad clan. Muhammad’s cousin and son in law. Elected Caliph Pressured to punish Uthman’s murderers. Shi’a Civil War Between Sunni Muslims • Never accepted • Devout caliphs not Muslims can be Mu’awiya and Ali’s armies direct caliph fought descendants of • Support rule of Decided both should Muhammad. First 3 caliphs. resign • Don’t recognize • Make up 80% Mu’awiya declared himself first 3 caliphs. of Muslim caliph; Ali continued to Population rule in Persia and Iraq. • Only Imam (special Muslim today. Kharijites attempted to kill leader) can both leaders, but only interpret Qur'an. successful with Ali. • Hold that 12 Imams, Ali the Conflict over caliphs created split between Muslims: st, rightful 1 Sunni and Shi’a leaders of Muslims. Mu’awiya Establishes a Dynasty Islam • Ruled from 680-750 AD and moved caliphal capital to Damascus. • 14 caliphs succeeded Mu’awiya: Empire stretched from Spain to Central Asia. Mu’awiya Establishes a Dynasty Islam Administrative Reforms • Governors appointed to rule provinces. Spoils from victories helped finance government. • Three level tax system – Muslims paid zakat – Muslims converts considered Mawali: paid higher tax than Muslims. – Non-Muslims paid highest tax, izya (security tax) Umayyad Achievements • Innovations in irrigation and canals. • Perfected mosque construction techniques: • Great Mosque in Damascus • Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem. Abbasids Islam • Centered in Baghdad and the crossroads for land and water trade routes. • Created a standard code of law, Sharia’ab, and a system of banking with checks. • Built libraries and universities • Excelled in medicine, astronomy, math, and chemistry. • Advanced in navigational and sailing techniques. – Brought Indonesia within the Muslim Empire Abbasids Islam • Lived very lavishly and were never able to maintain complete control over Dar al-Islam causing states to separate. • Fatimids conquered Sicily, Egypt, and Arabia; built powerful capital at Cairo. • Seljug Turks entered Muslim world as guards for Abbasid leaders and gained control of caliphs Muslim Spain Islam • Muslim forces gained control of Córdoba, Spain in 711 AD and founded the Umayyad state in 756 AD • Tried to invade France but stopped in 732 AD. • Charlemagne attempts to drive Muslims from Spain, but failed. • Glorious Muslim society (Golden Age) flourished in Spain from 711-1492. – Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived in peace under Muslim rule. – Advancements in literature, medicine, law, and agriculture. – Ibn Sina; Canon of Medicine became the standard medical textbook. – Cordoba’s grandeur: 21 suburbs, 300 public baths, 70 libraries, and The Great Mosque.