Download Growth of Islam

Islam
The Arabs
• towns developed as Arabs carried goods
between the Indian Ocean & the
Mediterranean, the end of the Silk Road.
• trace their ancestors to Abraham & his
son Ishmael, who were believed to have
built a shrine at Makkah (Mecca) called
the Kaaba
The Life of Muhammad
Islam
• Muhammad received revelations from
God while meditating in the hills.
• he believed Allah revealed himself partially
through Moses (Judaism) & Jesus
(Christianity) & that Allah’s final
revelations were to him.
• his revelations became the
Quran, the holy scriptures
of Islam.
• Islam = “peace through
submission to the will
of Allah.”
The Life of Muhammad (cont.)
Islam
• Quran contains ethical guidelines for Muslims
(those who practice Islam)
• one God = Allah; Muhammad is God’s
prophet.
• people in Makkah didn’t believe him, so
Muhammad & some of his followers
moved north to Madinah (Medina = “city of
the prophet”)
• Muhammad won support from residents of
Madinah & surrounding Bedouin tribes.
• formed the first community of practicing
Muslims.
The Life of Muhammad (cont.)
Islam
• In 630, Muhammad returned to Makkah with
ten thousand men.
• city surrendered & many residents
converted to Islam.
• declared the Kaaba a sacred shrine.
• All Muslims are encouraged to make a
pilgrimage, known as the hajj, to Makkah.
The Teachings of Muhammad
• Islam is monotheistic.
Islam
• Allah is the all-powerful creator of everything.
• Islam offers salvation & the hope of an
afterlife to its followers.
• Muhammad is not considered divine, as Jesus
is in the Christian religion; he’s a prophet who
conveys Allah’s final revelations.
• To obey Allah’s will, Muslims must follow an
ethical code comprised of the Five Pillars of
Islam.
The Teachings of Muhammad (cont.)
Islam
1. belief–there is no deity but the One God, &
Muhammad is his messenger
2. prayer–perform prescribed prayers 5x/day
3. charity–give part of one’s wealth to the poor
4. fasting–refrain from food & drink from dawn
to sunset during the month of Ramadan
5. pilgrimage–make a pilgrimage to Makkah at
least once in a lifetime.
• The faithful who follow the law are guaranteed
a place in an eternal paradise.
The First Three Caliphs
Islam
•Abu Bakr (632-634)
•Caliph: leader of the Muslim community, not a
prophet.
•Friend of Muhammad’s
•Faced two main problems
•1. False prophets claimed to be successor
of Muhammad
•2. Secession of Arabic tribes from Ummah
(Muslim Community)
•Expanded Muslim community into parts of
Byzantine and Persia
UMAR (634-644 AD)
Islam
• Expanded Ummah to Arabia, Iraq,
Syria, Palestine, Western Persia, and
parts of North Africa.
• Expanded the use of jihad
• Gave more structure to administration
of Muslim state: created tax system.
UTHMAN (644-656 AD)
Islam
• Muhammad’s son in law
• First years or rule were peaceful, but
later had financial problems.
• Murdered by Egyptians
• Start of open political and religious
conflict in Muslim community.
Ali’s Caliphate and the Division
Between Sunni’s and Shi’as
Islam
Mu’awiya
Ali
•
• Umayyad Leader
• Syrian Governor
• Increased pressure on •
•
Ali
• Uthman member and
leader of the Umayyad
clan.
Muhammad’s cousin
and son in law.
Elected Caliph
Pressured to punish
Uthman’s murderers.
Shi’a
Civil War Between
Sunni
Muslims
• Never accepted
• Devout
caliphs not
Muslims can be
Mu’awiya and Ali’s armies
direct
caliph
fought
descendants of
• Support rule of
Decided both should
Muhammad.
First 3 caliphs.
resign
• Don’t recognize
• Make up 80%
Mu’awiya declared himself
first 3 caliphs.
of Muslim
caliph; Ali continued to
Population
rule in Persia and Iraq. • Only Imam
(special Muslim
today.
Kharijites attempted to kill
leader) can
both leaders, but only
interpret Qur'an.
successful with Ali.
• Hold that 12
Imams, Ali the
Conflict over caliphs created
split between Muslims:
st, rightful
1
Sunni and Shi’a
leaders of
Muslims.
Mu’awiya Establishes a Dynasty
Islam
• Ruled from 680-750 AD and moved caliphal
capital to Damascus.
• 14 caliphs succeeded Mu’awiya: Empire stretched
from Spain to Central Asia.
Mu’awiya Establishes a Dynasty
Islam
Administrative
Reforms
• Governors appointed to rule
provinces. Spoils from
victories helped finance
government.
• Three level tax system
– Muslims paid zakat
– Muslims converts
considered Mawali: paid
higher tax than Muslims.
– Non-Muslims paid highest
tax, izya (security tax)
Umayyad
Achievements
• Innovations in
irrigation and canals.
• Perfected mosque
construction
techniques:
• Great Mosque in
Damascus
• Dome of the Rock
Mosque in
Jerusalem.
Abbasids
Islam
• Centered in Baghdad and the crossroads for land
and water trade routes.
• Created a standard code of law, Sharia’ab, and a
system of banking with checks.
• Built libraries and universities
• Excelled in medicine, astronomy, math, and
chemistry.
• Advanced in navigational and sailing techniques.
– Brought Indonesia within the Muslim Empire
Abbasids
Islam
• Lived very lavishly and were never able to
maintain complete control over Dar al-Islam
causing states to separate.
• Fatimids conquered Sicily, Egypt, and Arabia;
built powerful capital at Cairo.
• Seljug Turks entered Muslim world as guards
for Abbasid leaders and gained control of
caliphs
Muslim Spain
Islam
• Muslim forces gained control of Córdoba, Spain in 711 AD
and founded the Umayyad state in 756 AD
• Tried to invade France but stopped in 732 AD.
• Charlemagne attempts to drive Muslims from Spain, but
failed.
• Glorious Muslim society (Golden Age) flourished in Spain
from 711-1492.
– Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived in peace under Muslim
rule.
– Advancements in literature, medicine, law, and agriculture.
– Ibn Sina; Canon of Medicine became the standard medical
textbook.
– Cordoba’s grandeur: 21 suburbs, 300 public baths, 70 libraries,
and The Great Mosque.