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Transcript
Islamic Empires Chapter 11 section 2 The Spread of Islam • After Muhammad died his followers chose his father-in-law to be his successor. He was called a caliph or successor to the Messenger of God. His name was Abu Bakr. • The first four caliphs ruled from Madinah and were called the Rightly Guided Caliphs because they tried to follow in Muhammad's footsteps. • They treated others fairly, and also fought hard for Islam. • The next group of caliphs were the Umayyad and they ruled from Damascus. • The empire now included North Africa, Spain, and some of India. • Within 100 years after Muhammad’s death the Islamic empire spread and became a great empire. This is because they were good with a sword and on horseback, but also because they were inspired by their religion. • They fought to spread their religion. They believed that if they died fighting they would go straight to paradise. • They also let their conquered people practice their own religion. Christian’s were called “people of the book,” because they believed in one God and had a holy book. • Non-Muslims had to pay a special tax. Preaching and Trading • Muslims also spread Islam by preaching. Sufis were a group of people spent their time praying and teaching Islam. They won many followers. • The Islam faith was also spread by Muslims merchants who set up trading posts throughout southeast Asia. • Today, the country of Indonesia includes more Muslims than any other nation in the world. Sunnis and Shiites • There are two major sects or groups of the Islam faith. The Sunnis and the Shiites. The split happened shortly after Muhammad’s death. • There was an argument over who would succeed Muhammad and this is what resulted in the division. • The Shiites believed that Muhammad’s son-in-law should succeed Muhammad and the Sunnis believed that Abu Bakr was the rightful Caliph. Later Muslim Empires • The Ottoman Empire was the largest and most powerful of the Muslim empires. It began in Turkey. • The Ottoman’s were a group of people in Asia Minor who were led by a man named Osman, thus they were called the Ottoman empire. • They conquered most of the land that is today Turkey. • They attacked the Byzantine Empire and into Europe. They seized Constantinople and renamed the city Istanbul. They used over 70 guns and 12 were super bombards-required 100 men to work in battle. – They conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and parts of Arabia and North Africa. – Their leader was called a sultan and the most famous was called Suleiman I. He was a man of many talents, was enthusiastic about architecture and built many schools and mosques. – The Ottoman Empire lasted until the end of the First World War • Ottomon Empire • Mogol Empire • The Ottoman Empire was the largest and most powerful of the Muslim empires. It began in Turkey. • The Ottoman’s were a group of people in Asia Minor who were led by a man named Osman. • They conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and parts of Arabia and North Africa. The Moguls • During the 1500s, the Moguls created another Muslim empire in India. They came from the mountains of north India. They used guns, cannons, elephants and horses to conquer the territory. They made Delhi the center of their empire. • The greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar. He brought peace and order to the part of India that he ruled. He did this by treating all his subjects fairly. • Most of India’s people were Hindu and he allowed them to practice their religion. He also allowed people of both religions to serve in the government. • Life was good under Akbar. More food was produced and artisans produced more art. As a result, trade increased. There were new building styles introduced during this time, such as the dome and the arch. • Later rulers began to spend too much money and parts of the empire broke away. The Mogul empire collapsed and Great Britain took control of most of India. • Ottomon Empire • Mogul Empire • The greatest Mogul ruler was Akbar. • Life was good under Akbar. More food was produced and artisans produced more art. As a result, trade increased. • Later rulers began to spend too much money and parts of the empire broke away. The Mogul empire collapsed. Nations with a Muslim majority appear in green, while nations that are approximately 50% Muslim appear yellow. Check for Understanding • What is a caliph? • successor to the Messenger of God • What country (today) has the largest Muslim population? • Indonesia • What are the two major sects (groups) of Muslims? • Sunnis and Shiites • Who was the greatest Mogul ruler? • Akbar