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I. Geography A. Arabian Peninsula - cross roads B. Desert C. Trade routes II. Muhammad (571-632 CE) A. Born in Mecca B. Orphan at 6; raised by grandfather C. Had fits and seizures throughout life became unconscious and had visions 1. around age 40 angel Gabriel came to him with message to preach only one God… Allah 2. preached for 20+ years a) wife and friends became followers b) followers attacked for beliefs D. The Hijrah 1. When followers attacked Muhammad left Mecca for Yathrib (later Medina) 2. Muhammad’s leadership skills joined Arabs and Jews into one community E. Muhammad Returned to Mecca in 630CE with 10,000 followers 1. Took over Mecca 2. Destroyed idols in Ka’aba 3. Most Meccans converted to Islam 4. Died two years later III. Islamic beliefs and practices A. One God - Allah B. Good and evil C. Followers called Muslims D. Holy book called the Qur’an E. House of worship called a mosque F. 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Faith - in one God-Allah Prayer - 5 times a day Alms - support less fortunate Fasting - during holy month of Ramadan Pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca=hajj G. Mecca 1. All Muslims to take a Pilgrimage to Holy City * fighting never tolerated in city 2. Worship at shrine of Ka’aba * Housed relics of Abraham and other religions H. Way of Life 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. No pork No alcohol Friday - communal worship No priests or central religious authority Scholar class called ulama I. Islamic Religion and law 1. Law code Shari’a covers all aspects of Muslim private and public life a. made up of Qur’an (holy text) and Sunna Muhammad’s example b. Law cannot be separated from religion IV. Similarities among Judaism, Christianity, and Islam A. B. C. D. All are monotheistic Jews and Muslims believe Jesus a prophet All have holy books All believe in Heaven, Hell, day of judgment; life after death E. All traced ancestry to Abraham F. Jews and Muslims forbidden to eat pork G. Muslims and Christians urged to practice charity and be generous to poor and weak 1.6 Billion Umma – total group of Muslim’s as of Jan. 2011 Muhammad-Khadija Best friend & father of Muhammad’s wife A’isha 1st cousins 4th Abu Bakr – 1st Caliph Ali - Fatima Caliph Umar – 2nd Caliph Uthman - 3rd Caliph Assassinated by rebels Hasan Husayn Killed by Yazid Shi’ites •10% of Muslims •emphasis on martyrs •leader must be a direct descendent of Muhammad •mostly in Iran Ma’awiya - 5th Caliph Yazid - 6th Caliph Umayyad Caliphate *moves to Spain in 750 Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) Arabian Nights Sunni •90% of Muslims •more tolerant •leader can be any good Muslim I. Muhammad’s Successors A. Muhammad died 632 CE B. Caliph means successor - to lead Muslims = Rightly Guided Caliph’s = first four after Muhammad 1. Abu-Bakr 1st Caliph a. Umar, Uthman, and Ali next Caliphs had all known Muhammad 2. Abu-Bakr invoked jihad (holy war) against tribes that had abandoned Islam C. By 750 the Muslim Empire covered 6,000 miles from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River D. Two ruling families after Muhammad = Umayyad and Abbasid 1. First ruling family = Umayyad ca 661-750 CE – capital = Damascus a. united lands by having official language = Arabic b. minted Arabic currency, built roads c. established postal system & civil service d. Jews and non-Greek Christians tolerated & protected (paid taxes) 2. Second ruling family = Abbasid ca 747-1258 CE – capital Baghdad a. Dissatisfied because of higher taxes, lower wages in army & government & social discrimination b. Abu-al-Abbas “Bloodshedder” tried to kill off the Umayyad family c. Overthrew Umayyad rule d. Destroyed by Seljuk Turks and Mongols II. Division w/ in Islam* A. Fight for position of Caliph 1. Sunni a. “followers of the way” b. Any devout Muslim can be caliph c. Caliph a leader, not religious authority d. 90% of Muslims 2. Shia a. Caliph must be a descendant of Muhammad b. A spiritual leader, not a political leader c. 10% - Iraq, Iran, Lebanon d. martyrs III. Economic impact of Muslim trade with India, China, Europe, and Africa A. Trade networks 1. Land routes – including Silk Road (India, Europe, & Asia); Africa 2. Sea routes – Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea B. Language and currency united traders C. Banking system created 1. Sakk = checks – exchanged for currency IV. Cultural impact of trade = diffusion of cultures The Spread of Islam I. Social Classes A. Upper class - Muslim at birth B. Second class - Converts to Islam C. Third class - Protected people = Jews & Christians D. Lowest class - slaves II. Extending Knowledge A. Muhammad encouraged learning B. Astrolabe - for time and direction of prayer C. House of Wisdom - library, academy, translated texts D. Medicine – 1. Ibn Sina - Book of Healing - Father of modern medicine E. Philosophy - goal - to find the truth III. Position of women A. were wives, mothers B. female infanticide forbidden C. limited polygamy D. Women had control over their own property; could inherit and operate businesses E. Could remarry F. Were often educated and advised leaders and some became rulers IV. Arabic influence illustrated in the words that came into English from Arabic A. Alcohol, admiral, algebra, almanac B. Candy, coffee, damask, lemon, orange, sherbet, zero V. Empire splits A. Culture continued B. 3 Muslim empires 1. Ottoman 2. Safavid 3. Mughal Learning •Translate writings of Greek philosophers at the research center called House of Wisdom (CE 830) •Develop algebra, trigonometry, place value •Observe Earth turning and measure its circumference •Earth round, but believed all revolved around the earth •Produce first accurate maps of the earth CE 1100s •Improved the astrolabe Literature •Consider Qur’an most important piece of Arabic literature •Chant oral poetry •Collect stories from other people •The Arabian Nights by Omar Khayyam Art •Use beautiful writing and patterns to decorate buildings and art •Adapt Byzantine domes and arches •Paint people and animals in nonreligious art •Use calligraphy and arabesques, not human forms in religious art Medicine •Require doctors to pass difficult tests •Set up hospitals and emergency rooms •Study diseases and write medical books •Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina (or Avicenna) •Al-Razi develops a medical encyclopedia