Download Muhammad

I. Geography
A. Arabian Peninsula - cross roads
B. Desert
C. Trade routes
II. Muhammad (571-632 CE)
A. Born in Mecca
B. Orphan at 6; raised by grandfather
C. Had fits and seizures throughout life became
unconscious and had visions
1. around age 40 angel Gabriel came to him with
message to preach only one God… Allah
2. preached for 20+ years
a) wife and friends became followers
b) followers attacked for beliefs
D. The Hijrah
1. When followers attacked
Muhammad left Mecca
for Yathrib (later Medina)
2. Muhammad’s leadership
skills joined Arabs and
Jews into one community
E. Muhammad Returned to Mecca in 630CE with 10,000
followers
1. Took over Mecca
2. Destroyed idols
in Ka’aba
3. Most Meccans
converted to
Islam
4. Died two years
later
III. Islamic beliefs and practices
A. One God - Allah
B. Good and evil
C. Followers called
Muslims
D. Holy book called
the Qur’an
E. House of worship
called a mosque
F. 5 Pillars of Islamic Faith
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Faith - in one God-Allah
Prayer - 5 times a day
Alms - support less fortunate
Fasting - during holy month of Ramadan
Pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca=hajj
G. Mecca
1. All Muslims to take a Pilgrimage to Holy City
* fighting never tolerated in city
2. Worship at shrine of Ka’aba
* Housed relics of Abraham and other
religions
H. Way of Life
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
No pork
No alcohol
Friday - communal worship
No priests or central religious authority
Scholar class called ulama
I. Islamic Religion and law
1. Law code Shari’a covers all aspects of Muslim
private and public life
a. made up of Qur’an (holy text) and Sunna Muhammad’s example
b. Law cannot be separated from religion
IV. Similarities among Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam
A.
B.
C.
D.
All are monotheistic
Jews and Muslims believe Jesus a prophet
All have holy books
All believe in Heaven, Hell, day of judgment; life
after death
E. All traced ancestry to Abraham
F. Jews and Muslims forbidden to eat pork
G. Muslims and Christians urged to practice charity and
be generous to poor and weak
1.6 Billion Umma – total group of Muslim’s as of Jan. 2011
Muhammad-Khadija
Best friend & father of Muhammad’s wife A’isha
1st
cousins
4th
Abu Bakr – 1st Caliph
Ali - Fatima
Caliph
Umar – 2nd Caliph
Uthman -
3rd
Caliph
Assassinated by rebels
Hasan
Husayn
Killed by
Yazid
Shi’ites
•10% of Muslims
•emphasis on
martyrs
•leader must be a
direct descendent of
Muhammad
•mostly in Iran
Ma’awiya - 5th Caliph
Yazid - 6th Caliph
Umayyad
Caliphate
*moves to
Spain in
750
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
Arabian Nights
Sunni
•90% of Muslims
•more tolerant
•leader can be any good
Muslim
I. Muhammad’s Successors
A. Muhammad died 632 CE
B. Caliph means successor - to
lead Muslims = Rightly Guided
Caliph’s = first four after Muhammad
1. Abu-Bakr 1st Caliph
a. Umar, Uthman, and Ali next
Caliphs had all known
Muhammad
2. Abu-Bakr invoked jihad (holy war) against
tribes that had abandoned Islam
C. By 750 the Muslim Empire covered 6,000 miles
from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River
D. Two ruling families after Muhammad = Umayyad and
Abbasid
1. First ruling family = Umayyad ca 661-750 CE – capital =
Damascus
a. united lands by having official language = Arabic
b. minted Arabic currency, built roads
c. established postal system & civil service
d. Jews and non-Greek Christians tolerated & protected (paid
taxes)
2. Second ruling family = Abbasid ca 747-1258 CE –
capital Baghdad
a. Dissatisfied because of higher taxes, lower wages in army
& government & social discrimination
b. Abu-al-Abbas “Bloodshedder” tried to kill off the
Umayyad family
c. Overthrew
Umayyad rule
d. Destroyed by Seljuk
Turks and Mongols
II. Division w/ in Islam*
A. Fight for position of Caliph
1. Sunni
a. “followers of the way”
b. Any devout Muslim can be caliph
c. Caliph a leader, not religious authority
d. 90% of Muslims
2. Shia
a. Caliph must be a descendant of Muhammad
b. A spiritual leader, not a political leader
c. 10% - Iraq, Iran, Lebanon
d. martyrs
III. Economic impact of Muslim
trade with India, China, Europe,
and Africa
A. Trade networks
1. Land routes – including
Silk Road (India, Europe, &
Asia); Africa
2. Sea routes – Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea
B. Language and currency united
traders
C. Banking system created
1. Sakk = checks – exchanged
for currency
IV. Cultural impact of trade = diffusion
of cultures
The Spread of Islam
I. Social Classes
A. Upper class - Muslim at birth
B. Second class - Converts to Islam
C. Third class - Protected people =
Jews & Christians
D. Lowest class - slaves
II. Extending Knowledge
A. Muhammad encouraged
learning
B. Astrolabe - for time and
direction of prayer
C. House of Wisdom - library,
academy, translated texts
D. Medicine –
1. Ibn Sina - Book of Healing - Father of modern
medicine
E. Philosophy - goal - to find the truth
III. Position of women
A. were wives, mothers
B. female infanticide forbidden
C. limited polygamy
D. Women had control over
their own property; could
inherit and operate
businesses
E. Could remarry
F. Were often educated and
advised leaders and some
became rulers
IV. Arabic influence illustrated in the words that came
into English from Arabic
A. Alcohol, admiral, algebra, almanac
B. Candy, coffee, damask, lemon, orange, sherbet,
zero
V. Empire splits
A. Culture continued
B. 3 Muslim empires
1. Ottoman
2. Safavid
3. Mughal
Learning
•Translate writings of Greek philosophers at the
research center called House of Wisdom (CE 830)
•Develop algebra, trigonometry, place value
•Observe Earth turning and measure its
circumference
•Earth round, but believed all revolved around the
earth
•Produce first accurate maps of the earth CE 1100s
•Improved the astrolabe
Literature
•Consider Qur’an most important
piece of Arabic literature
•Chant oral poetry
•Collect stories from other people
•The Arabian Nights by Omar
Khayyam
Art
•Use beautiful writing and patterns to
decorate buildings and art
•Adapt Byzantine domes and arches
•Paint people and animals in
nonreligious art
•Use calligraphy and arabesques, not
human forms in religious art
Medicine
•Require doctors to pass difficult tests
•Set up hospitals and emergency rooms
•Study diseases and write medical books
•Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina (or
Avicenna)
•Al-Razi develops a medical encyclopedia