Download The Middle East, India, & SE Asia (650-1450)

The Middle East, India,
& SE Asia (650-1450)
Religion
Islam means submission
– Acceptance of people of the book (Christianity,
Judaism)
– Allow converts (Malawi)
– Ulama: fundamentalist
– Sharia: Islamic laws, veiling
– Sunni-Shi'i Split
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ctices_of_Islam.mov
Islam
Shiites & Sunnis
1. What are the majority
of Muslims?
Islamic Law
1. What are caliphs?
Sunni
2. How did family law
reflect their views of
women?
2. What is the most
important similarity
of Shiites & Sunnis?
The 5 pillars
3. What is an ayatollah?
Shiite religious authority
Political-Religious leaders
Marriage and property rights
3. How were Islamic
court proceedings
similar to US?
Due Process
Religion
• Spread of Islam to South Asia
– By the 1200’s Islamic dynasties ruled much of
northern India
– Many Buddhists converted to Islam
– Hinduism became more actively devotional,
emphasizing cults of gods and goddesses.
– Hindus became increasingly intolerant of Muslim
practices, while the Islamic ulama stressed the
differences between Muslims and Hindus
• Southeast Asia
– Trading contacts provided the means for the
expansion of Islam into Southeast Asia.
– Islamic religion of the Southeast tended to be more
tolerant of indigenous animist religions
Politics
• Caliphs: Muslim religious and political leaders
– political rivalries, ethnic differences, and sectarian rifts
divided the Islamic world.
• Islam-Theocratic Rulers- codified Islamic law
• India
– Political fragmentation paved way for Muslim
invasions
– Conquered people were respected, but required to
pay a non-believer tax
– established a Muslim capital in India at Delhi
Empire
• Unification of Arabia
– Economic and religious motives for conquest
• Umayyad Dynasty (660-750)
– expanded into Asia and Northern Africa
– Regional Sultans ruled for caliphs
– Decline due to lavish lifestyles of caliphs
– Military dissent
Empire
• Abbasid Era
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centralized government
Shi'i suppression
built a new capital in Iraq at Baghdad
economic advantages to believers, mass conversions
Problems in determining the succession
Mercenary armies were enlisted to fight civil wars
High taxes
• 1258 Mongols overran Islamic empire
Economy
• Urbanization; opportunities for craftsmen
and artists
• Participated in trade
– -Trans Sahara Trade
– -Silk Road/Route
– -Indian Ocean Trade: Islamic World, China,
East Africa and Persia
• Traded: cotton, silk, elephants, gems,
cinnamon, and salt
Global Trade
Arabs dominated trade
• controlled western trading zone
• traded: textiles, carpets, glass & Arabian horses
• Crusades
• Trans-Saharan trade routes
• Islam spread
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Medieval_Times.mov
Social Class/Gender
• Umayyad
– Women- married at puberty
– Islamic women strengthened their positions within their
households
– Islam declared the spiritual equality of men and women before
Allah
– Women entered many occupations, including commerce and law.
• Abbasid
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Women’s position declined
increasingly confined to the household
totally subjected to patriarchal authority
caliphs maintained harems, in which both wives and concubines
were secluded in the imperial chambers
– veiling of free females
– Elite women were cut off from any occupation other than running
a household
Science/Inventions
• Objective experimentation
– Animal? Vegetable? Mineral?
• Observed earth turning & calculated
circumference
• Hospitals
– Emergency rooms
– Studied diseases
- doctor exams
- wrote medical books
• improved techniques for paper-making, ceramics,
and silk-weaving
• Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry
Art/Architecture
• Persian became language of
high culture and literature
• Calligraphy, designs
• Minarets
• Mosques
• Literature
• Poetic works: “1001 Arabian
Nights”
Why did the disputes over authority
after the death of Muhammad serve
to hinder future Muslim unity?
Write your hypothesis on your paper.
Why did the disputes over authority after the death of
Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity?
• Muhammad did not leave a principle for
succession within Islam; he was the final
prophet.
• Successors to lead the Muslim
community first were elected by the
Umma. (community of the faithful in Islam)
• Ali contested the system by advocating
descent from Muhammad; this became
the focal point of Shi'ism.
Why did the disputes over authority after the death of
Muhammad serve to hinder future Muslim unity?
• Ali's opposition caused civil war and
Umayyad success led to their founding of
a dynasty.
• The Shi'i never accepted defeat;
descendants of Muhammad were always
present to contest rule over Muslims.
• A fundamental division remained
between the Sunni and Shi'i divisions
of Islam.
Compare the initial spread of Islam
throughout the Mediterranean and the
Middle East with the Islamic incursions
into India and Southeast Asia.
Write your hypothesis on your
paper.
Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the
Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic
incursions into India and Southeast Asia.
• Most of the first expansion in the
Mediterranean region and the Middle East
was by Arabian tribesmen.
• The government under the Umayyads
retained the initial concept of rule by a
small Arab elite; full citizenship for Malawi
was denied.
• Then the Abbasids gave full citizenship to
non-Arabs.
Compare the initial spread of Islam throughout the
Mediterranean and the Middle East with the Islamic
incursions into India and Southeast Asia.
• The second stage of Islamic expansion
was led by nonArabs.
• The presence of Sufi missionaries made
for a more peaceful expansion and to less
restrictive forms of Islam.
• Converts, as in the Delhi sultanate,
retained many of their previous Hindu
beliefs and social systems.