Download L3 - Caliphate

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A MUSLIM CALIPHATE
Chapter 10, Lesson 3.
Time Period
Read the Big
Picture p.272
750-1200 AD
THE BIG PICTURE
Centuries before the founding of Baghdad,
Persian rulers controlled lands north of the
Arabian peninsula from Egypt to India.
 The Persian empire was in decline in the A.D.
600’s as Islam developed in Mecca.
 This allowed Muhammad to gain control of the
Arabian peninsula. By 700, Muslim rulers
controlled the Mediterranean region.
 In 762 the decision to build a capital city was
made which would become the center of Muslim
achievements in science, art, and architecture.

withEmpire
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You have two minutes and must try to
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MAP OF ARABIAN PENINSULA
THE CALIPHATE, c. A.D. 740-760
MAP WORK
Which River Flowed near Baghdad?
2. Which city is closest to the Persian GulfConstantinople, Baghdad, or Mecca?
3. About how far is Baghdad from Mecca?
Click for answers:
1.
1.Tigris River, Euprates River
2.Baghdad
3.About 950 miles
HOTWORDS
Caliphs (KAY lihfs) – A
Muslim leader who had
both political and
religious authority
Mosque (MAHSK) – A
Muslim place of
worship.
Read the Muslim Rule &
Baghdad, p.273
MUSLIM RULE
• Islam was just over 100 years old
• Caliphs had been chosen to govern the land
• In many areas people welcomed Islam and
became Muslims
Baghdad
A statue of the caliph Al-Monsour, founder of the city of Baghdad, watches over traffic.
Baghdad
• From the late 700s until the 1200s Baghdad
was the capital of the Muslim caliphate
• Baghdad had more than 1 million people
making it one of the world’s largest cities.
•Baghdad had an international flavor,
providing goods to purchase from all over the
known world.
Map of Baghdad and surrounding areas
Map of Baghdad
Downtown
Baghdad
From the center of
Baghdad, four main
roads went to all parts
of the caliphate
(empire). Traders used
these roads to bring
riches from all over the
caliphate and beyond.
Here are some picture
of modern day Baghdad
Window looking out
on the Tigris river
Downtown Baghdad
Architecture in the
"old" Baghdad, or
downtown
Sightseeing in Baghdad
Downtown
market, Baghdad
An old man in his store, Baghdad
Grilling Fish in a Baghdad restaurant
One of several gigantic works in progress in
Baghdad.
View of Baghdad skyline
Picture from Global Nomad Groups
Middle East architecture
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You have two minutes and must try to
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ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE CALIPHATE
Muslims made major
advances in medicine,
math and science.
Read the 274-275, Achievements of the Caliphate,
Advances in Medicine & Math and Science
“He who travels in
search of knowledge
travels along Allah’s
path of Paradise.”
Advances in Medicine
Records show that Arabic
doctors performed
many different surgical
operations including the
removal of varicose
veins, kidney stones
and the replacement of
dislocated limbs. They
used sponges soaked in
narcotic drugs which
were placed over the
patient's nose as early
anesthetics.
The Arab Physician and scholar Ibn Sina
Spreading the word
One of the most important medical
books of its time was written by the
physician Ali al-Husayn Abd Allah
Ibn Sina (also known as Avicenna).
His massive manuscript, called the
Laws of Medicine, was completed
around 1030 AD and translated into
Latin in the 12th Century. This
encyclopaedia of medicine
contained five books detailing the
formulation of medicines, diagnosis
of disorders, general medicine and
detailed therapies. It continued to
be a great influence in the
development of medicine in
medieval Europe for hundreds of
Math and Science
• Muslims created a simplified number system
to that of the Romans which is commonly
used in the world today.
• Muslim mathematicians built on the work of
Hindu scholars greatly improving the field of
al-jabr “algebra”
• Muslims also made great advancements in
the field of astronomy, improving the Greek’s
astrolabe instrument
HOTWORDS
Astrolabe – An instrument invented by Muslims that
is used to determine direction by figuring out the
position of the stars
Algebra – A type of mathematics to which Muslims
made great contributions
Places of Worship
Read Places of Worship, p.275
A Muslim Mosque
Edirne, Turkey
A 14th-century mosque still
dominates Yazd’s oldest quarter
Places of Worship
• Muslims followed specific guidelines when
building Muslim mosques
• A builder must do the following when
building a mosque: make sure that it faces
Mecca, include a courtyard and prayer
towers, and provide a water source so that
worshippers can cleanse themselves.
•The oldest Muslim monument still standing
is the Dome of the Rock, built in 691.
Dome of
the Rock,
Jerusalem
Area view of
the Dome of
the Rock
terrace from
southwest with
the Wailing
Wall on the
bottom right
corner.
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem
View from the west, with Minaret Bab al-Silsila
Roof detail of dome with covered with alloy containing gold
Detail of exterior drum tilework
Cross section of
the Dome of
the Rock
Interior of Dome of the Rock
Interior of Dome of the Rock
Interior of
Dome of
the Rock
Literature
and
Music
Read Literature and
Music, p. 275
Arab music covers a vast geographical area ranging from the
Atlas Mountains and parts of the Sahara in Africa to the Arabian
Gulf region and the banks of the Euphrates. Whether from
Morocco, Egypt, or Iraq, Arabs are able to identify today with a
multi-faceted musical heritage that originated in antiquity, but
that gained sophistication and momentum during the height of
the Islamic Empire between the eighth and the thirteenth
centuries. Since the spread of Islam from the Arabian
Peninsula towards the middle of the seventh century until the
present century, Arab music has been shaped by five principal
processes, some purely intellectual and cultural, others political.
Ivory plaques of the Fatimid period in Egypt.
Origins of the Arabian Nights The stories of the
Arabian Nights were written by many people
over the course of hundreds of years. The core
of original stories came out of Persia and India
in the early eighth century. They were translated
into Arabic and given the name Alf Layla or The
Thousand Nights. This set of stories was few in
number and fell far short of living up to the
number in its title.
In Iraq in the ninth or tenth century, a
group of Arab stories were added. This
new group probably contained the tales
that refer to Caliph Harun al-Rashid. Also,
in the period immediately after this,
several tales that had previously existed
outside of the Nights were incorporated
into the main body of the tales.
Starting the 13th century, another group
of tales was added, these of Syrian or
Egyptian origin. In "modern" times,
additional tales were added (by Galland,
for example), and the total was brought
up to the number given in the title.
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The Muslim
Caliphate
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in medicine,
compare
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which influence modern day life.
You have two minutes and must try to
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WHY IT MATTERS
Read, p 277, Why it
matters
Next: A photo pilgrimage to Mecca
Inside Mecca
Mecca, also Makkah
A city in western Saudi Arabia located in the Al
Jijaz (Hejaz) region, near Jiddah. Mecca is the
birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad (the
founder of Islam), the center of pilgrimage for
Muslims, and the focal point of their daily
prayers. In Arabic, the city is known as Makkah
al-mukkaramah (“Mecca the blessed”).
Pilgrimage to the city is one of the Five Pillars
of Islam and is required of all able adult
Muslims at least once in their lifetimes. The
pilgrimage (hajj in Arabic) is the defining factor
in the growth and life of the city. The influx of
close to 2 million pilgrims each year during the
last month of the Islamic calendar is a grand
human spectacle as well as one of the largest
logistical and administrative undertakings in
the world.
More than two
million pilgrims
gather each year
to perform Hajj.
One of the five pillars of Islam, hajj is required of all Muslims at least once in a lifetime
if they are physically and financially able to do so without compromising family
responsibilities. Each year, Muslims from all over the world embark on an epic
reaffirmation of faith and quest for salvation that peaks in and around Mecca during
five days of the last month of the Islamic calendar.
Muslim pilgrims on hajj gather in prayer at the Grand Mosque in Mecca. Hajj
calls for a state of ritual sanctity and mental purity. Despite the physical and
emotional challenges facing the pilgrims, they must not let themselves be
swayed by anger or frustration.
Muslim pilgrims file into Mecca’s Grand Mosque located at the heart of the
city. Home to the Kaaba, Islam's holiest shrine, the mosque is designed to
accommodate nearly two million pilgrims who converge on Mecca during the
hajj, the annual Islamic pilgrimage.
Radiant with faith, a sea of Muslims gathers in prayer in and around Mecca’s
Grand Mosque. At the center of this huge mosque's central courtyard is the
Kaaba, the ancient cube-shaped structure that is Islam’s holiest shrine.
The Pilgrimage starts with
the reciting of this
invocation.
Here I am, Oh God, at Your
command!
Here I am at Your
command!
You are without associate!
Here I am at Your
command!
To You are all praise, grace
and dominion!
You are without associate!
The First Official Day
On the first official day of the pilgrimage, the millions of pilgrims that
have now gathered travel from Mecca to Mina, a small village east
of the city. There they spend the day and night in enormous tent
cities, praying, reading the Qur’an, and resting for the next day.
The Second Official Day
On the second day of the pilgrimage, the pilgrims leave Mina
just after dawn to travel to the Plain of Arafat for the
On the second day of the
pilgrimage, the pilgrims
leave Mina just after
dawn to travel to the
Plain of Arafat for the
culminating experience of
the Hajj. On what is
known as the "Day of
Arafat,” the pilgrims
spend the entire day
standing (or sitting) near
the Mount of Mercy,
asking Allah for
forgiveness and making
supplications. Muslims
around the world who are
not at the pilgrimage join
them in spirit by fasting
for the day.
The Second Official
Day
Pilgrims clamber on to buses to retrace
Mohammad's steps from Mecca to Mina
The Third Official Day
On the third day, the pilgrims move before sunrise, this
time back to Mina. Here they throw their stone
pebbles at pillars that represent the temptations of
Satan. When throwing the stones, the pilgrims recall
the story of Satan’s attempt to dissuade Abraham
from following God’s command to sacrifice his son.
The stones represent Abraham’s
After casting the pebbles, most pilgrims slaugter and
animal (often a sheep or a goat) and give away the
meat to the poor. This is a symbolic act that shows
their willingness to part with something that is
precious to them, just as the Prophet Abraham was
prepared to sacrifice his son at God’s command.
The Fourth Official Day
The pilgrims then return to
Mecca and perform seven
tawaf, turns around the
Ka’aba, the house of
worship built by Abraham
and his son. In other rites,
the pilgrims pray near a
place called “The Station of
Abraham,” which is
reportedly where Abraham
stood while constructing
the Ka’aba. The pilgrims
also walk seven times
between two small hills
near the Ka’aba (and
enclosed in the Grand
Mosque’s complex). This is
done in remembrance of
the plight of Abraham’s
wife Hajar, who
desperately searched in
the area for water for
herself and her son, before
a spring welled up in the
desert for her. The pilgrims
also drink from this ancient
spring, known as Zamzam,
which still flows today.
Circling the Kaaba in Mecca