Download Rise of Islam Notes

The Rise of Islam
From Revelation to Empire in less
than 150 years…
1
Origins
1.
Arabia
• Arabia is the crossroads of three continents and
prospered from the trade of the surrounding
empires
• Bedouins thrived in the harsh desert climate and
escorted caravans across the desert from one oasis
to the next
• Trade = Cultural Diffusion
• Bedouins valued courage, family loyalty, and
warrior skills. They were also known as excellent
storytellers and poets.
• Mecca was a center of trade and religion
• The Ka’aba was associated with Abraham but
became a shrine to over 300 different gods
• Jews & Christians lived in Arabia
• Summarize it in your own words
2
3
Founder
2.
Muhammad
• Orphaned at an early age and raised by his
grandfather & uncle in the Bedouin culture
• He worked leading caravans through the desert
• When he was 25 he began to work for a wealthy
older (40) businesswoman named Khadijah, she
eventually proposed to Muhammad and they
married
• In 610 Muhammad began to receive revelations
from God through the angel Gabriel
• Khadijah convinced Muhammad he had to share
his message to others, he began to preach
monotheism and equality
• Wealthy and powerful Meccans did not like
Muhammad’s message because it threatened their
status, they planned to kill him in 622
• Summarize it in your own words
4
Start of a Religion
3.
Hijrah
• Muhammad fled to the city of Yathrib north of
Mecca in 622 AD which marks the start of the
Muslim calendar (2008-622=1386)
• Yathrib was renamed Medina and Muhammad
united his followers with the Arabs & Jews of the
city forming a strong community
• In 630 Muhammad returned to Mecca with an
army of 10,000 followers, the city surrendered and
Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Ka’aba and
made the call to prayer from its roof
• Muhammad died in 632 but much of Arabia had
been united under Islam
• Summarize it in your own words
5
4.
Five Pillars
•
•
•
•
•
5.
Qur’an
Beliefs
Faith—submission to Allah as the one and only God
and Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet
Prayer—5 times a day facing Mecca
Charity—anonymously helping the less fortunate
Fasting—during the month of Ramadan (9th month)
to honor & reflect on the revelations given to
Muhammad
Pilgrimage—once in life each Muslim must go to
Mecca and participate in the Hajj Ceremonies (12th
month)
• Sacred text of Islam, written account of the
teachings of Muhammad
• Considered the last and most perfect message from
Allah (God) a continuation of the Torah & the Bible
• Summarize it in your own words
6
Beliefs Continued
6.
Shar’ia
• Code of law established by interpretations of the
Qur’an and the example set by Muhammad, the
Sunna
• Gives rules for everything from clothing to
marriage, divorce, and interest rates on loans
• Islam provides a strong structure for daily life and
behavior as well as equality in society, all believers
are equal
• Jews & Christians are considered “people of the
book” because they worship the same God
• Summarize it in your own words
8
Islam After Muhammad
7.
Successors
8.
Shi’a
• Abu Bakr a close friend of Muhammad was named
the first caliph (leader)
• He began to build an empire after some tribes tried
to rebel after Muhammad’s death
• The first 4 caliphs are called the “Rightly Guided”
Caliphs
• In 656 the third caliph Uthman was murdered, his
successor Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, was also
murdered in 661, this led to a permanent split in
the religion
• Shi’ite Muslims followed Ali and believe the leader
of Islam should be a relative of Muhammad, they
also follow a stricter interpretation of Islam
• ~16% of the Muslims worldwide
• Summarize in your own words
9
Schism & Beyond
9.
Sunni
10. Sufi
• Believe the first 4 caliphs were “Rightly Guided”
and the leader of Islam must follow the Sunna or
Muhammad’s example, leader does not have to be
a relative of Muhammad
• Followed the Umayyad’s after the assassination of
Ali in 661
• ~83% of Muslims worldwide (majority)
• Rejected the wealth of the Umayyad Dynasty and
followed a spiritual interpretation living a life of
poverty
• Interested in the mysticism of Islam
• ~1% of Muslims worldwide
• Summarize in your own words
10
Islamic Empire
11. Al-Andalus
12. Abbasids
13. Fatimid
• Muslim kingdom in southern Spain established by
the Berbers and an Umayyad, controlled Spain until
1492
• Took power in 750 and slaughtered all but one
member of the Umayyad family
• Moved the capital to Baghdad and controlled
Arabia
• Established by Shi’a Muslims who claim descent
from Fatima, Muhammad’s daughter
• Began in North Africa, now centered in Iran
• Summarize in your own words
11
14.Cities
15.Scholarship
16.Arts &
architecture
Achievements
• The Islamic Empire had several cities that became
centers of learning, Damascus, Baghdad, Cordoba,
Cairo, they are examples of urban planning and
Muslim architecture
• House of Wisdom built in Baghdad
• Translated text from other cultures therefore saving
the learning of previous civilizations
• Images of living creatures are prohibited in Islam so
calligraphy is the main art form
• Muslim architecture is known for use of domes and
arches, as well as open airy spaces, shows the
impact of cultural diffusion blending with Roman &
Byzantine architectural elements
• Thousand and One Arabian Nights famous stories
including Aladdin
• Summarize in your own words
12
More Achievements
17. Medicine
18. Math
19. Science
20. Tolerance
• Al-Razi wrote a medical encyclopedia which was
translated and used throughout the world, believed
patients could heal quicker with fresh air
• Al-Khwarizmi created algebra
• Ibn al-Haytham wrote about optics, his ideas
helped invent telescopes and microscopes
• Scholars relied on observation and experiments
unlike the Greeks who relied on logic
• The Islamic Empire was culturally diverse and the
respect of learning allowed Non-Muslims to
prosper as well, Maimonides, the most famous
Jewish philosopher lived in Cordoba under Muslim
rule
• Summarize in your own words
13