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Chapter 11 The Rise of Islam A New Faith 11-1 Arab Life • A. The Arabian Peninsula, a wedge of land between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, is made up of two distinct regions: the southwestern area, with well-watered valleys, and the rest of the peninsula, consisting of arid plains and deserts. 1 • In what area of the Arabian peninsula are well-watered valleys found? Arab Life • B. In ancient times many of the Arab were Bedouins, or nomads who herded sheep, camels, and goats. 2 • What are bedouins? Arab Life • C. By the A.D. 500s, many tribes had settled around oases or in fertile valleys to pursue either farming or trade; prosperous market towns grew, the most of important of which was Makkah. 3 • What unique features do we find at an oasis? Arab Life • D. As business ties replaced tribal ties in the trading towns, the old tribal rules were not longer adequate; the Arabs needed a central government. Arab Life • E. Religious ideas were also changing; introduced to the monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity, many Arabs grew dissatisfied with their old beliefs. Muhammad and His Message • A. The prophet of Islam, Muhammad, was born in the city of Makkah around A.D. 570. Muhammad and His Message • B. Islamic tradition holds that Muhammad experienced a revelation in A.D. 610—a voice called him to be the apostle of the one true deity, Allah. 4 • According to Moslems (followers of Islam) who is Allah? Muhammad and His Message • C. In A.D. 613 Muhammad preached to the people of Makkah that there was only one God and that people everywhere must worship and obey him; he told the people of Makkah to live their lives in preparation for the day of judgment. Muhammad and His Message • D. Muhammad made slow progress in winning converts, appealing mostly to Makkah’s poor. Muhammad and His Message • E. Muhammad persisted in his preaching until threats against his life forced him to seek help outside the city; he found refuge in the small town of Yathrib to the north in A.D. 622, the first year of the Muslim calendar. 5 • Due to threats to his life, where does Muhammad flee? What is a Hegira? The Islamic Community • A. Most of Yathrib accepted Muhammad as God’s prophet and their ruler, and the town became known as Madinah, “the city of the prophet.” The Islamic Community • B. Muhammad was a skilled political as well as religious leader; in the Madinah Compact, Muhammad laid the foundations of an Islamic state. The Islamic Community • C. When Muhammad and his followers entered Makkah in A.D. 630, they faced little resistance; Makkah became the spiritual capital of Islam, and Madinah remained its political capital. Beliefs and Practices of Islam • A. For all Muslims, the Quran—compiled from divine messages revealed to Muhammad—is the final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle. Beliefs and Practices of Islam • B. The basic moral values of Islam are similar to those of Judaism and Christianity; the Quran also lays down specific rules to guide Muslims. Beliefs and Practices of Islam • C. Law cannot be separated from religion in Islamic society; generations of legal scholars have organized Islamic moral principles into body of law known as the shari’ah. 6 • What is the shari’ah? Five Pillars of Islam • A. The Quran presents the Five Pillars of Islam: confession of faith, prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and the pilgrimage to Makkah. Five Pillars of Islam • B. The first pillar confirms the oneness of an all-powerful, just, and merciful God. Five Pillars of Islam • C. To Muslims, Allah is the same god as the God of the Jews and Christians; Muslims have a great respect for the Bible, Judaism, and Christianity. Five Pillars of Islam • D. Muslims express their devotion in prayer five times each day; worshipers pray while facing Makkah. Five Pillars of Islam • E. Almsgiving is practiced privately through contributions to the needy and publicly through a state tax. Five Pillars of Islam • F. Fasting occurs in the month of Ramadan, during which Muhammad received his first revelation; during Ramadan, Muslims neither eat nor drink from sunrise to sunset. Five Pillars of Islam • G. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford the trip is expected to make the pilgrimage to Makkah at least once. 7 • Please list the Five Pillars of Islam Spread Of Islam 11-2 “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” • A. The first four caliphs, “the Rightly Guided Caliphs,” sought to protect and spread Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula. “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” • B. Arab armies swept forth against the weakened Byzantine and Persian empires, eventually bringing most of the former and all of the latter under Muslim control. “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” • C. The Arab armies were successful for several reasons: they were united in the belief that they had a religious duty to spread Islam, continual warfare had weakened the other empires, and members of persecuted religions in the empires welcomed the more benevolent Muslim rule. 8 • Why were Moslem armies successful? “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” • D. When Ali, the fourth caliph, was murdered in A.D. 661, the Syrian governor Mu’awiyah became the first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty; Ali’s son Husayn fought against Umayyad rule and was killed in battle in A.D 680. 9 • What is a caliph? “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” • E. The murders of Ali and Husayn led to a significant division in the Islamic world: the Sunni believed that the caliph was a leader, not a religious authority, while the Shiite (followers of Ali and Husayn) believed that the caliphate was a spiritual position to be reserved for descendants of Muhammad. 10 • What are the two main branches of Islam? What are their differences? “The Rightly Guided Caliphs” • F. The split between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims had a profound impact on Islam and has lasted into modern time; today, 90 percent of Muslims are Sunnis. 11 • Which branch of Islam is the largest? The Islamic State • A. During the Umayyad dynasty, which ruled from A.D. 661 to 750, the capital was moved from Madinah to Damascus, Syria. The Islamic State • B. In the next century, Umayyad warriors carried Islam east and west. The Islamic State • C. As time went by, the Umayyads built a powerful Islamic state that they ruled over more like kings than like the earlier caliphs. The Islamic State • D. The Umayyads helped to unite the lands they ruled by establishing a common language, currency, roads, and postal routes. 12 • What achievements did the Ummayads have during their rule? The Islamic State • E. Umayyad rule caused dissatisfaction among non-Arab Muslims, particularly in Iraq and Persia; in A.D. 747 the anti-Umayyad Arabs and the non-Arab Muslims in Iraq and Persia joined forces and overwhelmed the Umayyads; the resulting Abbasid dynasty built a new city, Baghdad. 13 • What reasons are stated for the rise of the Abbasid dynasty? The Islamic State • F. The Abbasids, under Caliph Harun alRashid, developed a sophisticated urban civilization based on the diversity of the empire’s peoples. The Islamic State • G. During the Abbasid period, many of the lands that had been won by the Umayyads broke free from Baghdad. Daily Life and Culture 11-3 Family Life • A. Early Islam stressed the equality of all believers before God; however, a woman’s social position was subservient to male family members. Family Life • B. Islam did, however, improve the social position of women through property rights and polygamy laws. Family Life • C. Muslim men, in addition to politics and the army, worked at a variety of business and in the fields. City and Country • A. Although most Arabs lived in rural or desert places, the state leadership came from the cities; Muslim cities, which often began as trading centers or military towns, were divided into distinct business and residential districts. 14 • In what location did most Arabs live? City and Country • B. Muslim merchants dominated trade throughout the Middle East and North Africa until the A.D. 1400s. City and Country • C. Growing food was difficult in many areas of the Islamic state because of the dry climate and scarcity of water sources; most productive land was held by large landowners who received grants from the government. City and Country • D. After Arab irrigation methods were introduced into Spain, Muslims cultivated new produce. Islamic Achievements • A. The use of Arabic not only promoted trade but also encouraged communication and the spread of knowledge among the different peoples in the Islamic state. 15 • Please write the following phrase in Arabic: Alexandria is full of beautiful beaches Islamic Achievements • B. Muslim mathematicians developed the place-value system, in which a number’s value is determined by the position of its digits, invented algebra, and helped develop trigonometry. 16 • What mathematic innovations were developed by Muslim mathematicians? Islamic Achievements • C. Astronomers described solar eclipses, proved that the moon affects the oceans, and improved on a Greek device that indicated the positions of the stars; geographers accurately measured the size and circumference of the earth and produced the first accurate maps of the Eastern Hemisphere. 17 • What scientific achievements were advanced by Islam?