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Islam’s Impact on Europe Caliphates – Causes • Arab soldiers committed to the promise of plunder unified around Islam and conquered territory from Spain to India across North Africa, Arabia and Anatolia • Weak Sassanid and Byzantine Empires made conquest easier • Followers were attracted to ideas of equality among believers and familiar with monotheism from Jewish and Christian traditions Effects • Caliphate’s introduced bureaucratic structure and established first Muslim Empire • Arabs, Persians and other groups unified politically and culturally as Muslims • Trade flourished, as merchants agreed on a common set of Muslim business dealings • Intellectual development led to algebra, preservation of Classical texts especially those of the Greeks • Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages and the House of Wisdom were built • Islam spread via trade routes to West Africa and to Southeast via the Indian Ocean to Central Asia and China via the Silk Routes Political • Battle of Tours in 732AD stopped the Muslim advance into Europe and left only Spain in Muslim control. • In 1096 Western Christians marched through the Byzantine Empire to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims. • This conflict brought about the end of the feudal system in Western Europe. Economic • Increased interaction with the Islamic Empire during the Crusades led to a revival of European trade with Asia. • This trade led to a rise in the economic prosperity of Western Europe Geographic • Islam spread into Africa, Asia, and Spain because of common language Social • Increased interaction with the Islamic Empire as a result of the Crusades opened Europeans up to new knowledge of science, medicine, and technology from the Muslims. • Cordoba Spain was a cultural hub of the Islamic Empire in Europe. • Europeans adopted Indian numerals from the Muslims Religion Interaction • Before Muslim control, Jews ostracized • Spain = center of Muslim control with lots of Jews – Under Muslim control, Cordoba becomes Western Europe’s biggest city • Muslim practice of tolerance = everyone treated well • Muslims don’t pay taxes – Jews and Christians pay taxes – Jewish bankers charge interest for loans and extend credit for businesses • Reconquista – Christians try to recapture Spain – Successful under Ferdinand and Isabella