* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Buddhist Teaching
Buddhist influences on print technology wikipedia , lookup
Faith in Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Tara (Buddhism) wikipedia , lookup
Relics associated with Buddha wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and violence wikipedia , lookup
Wat Phra Kaew wikipedia , lookup
Nirvana (Buddhism) wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school wikipedia , lookup
Pratītyasamutpāda wikipedia , lookup
Early Buddhist schools wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist art wikipedia , lookup
Four Noble Truths wikipedia , lookup
Persecution of Buddhists wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist texts wikipedia , lookup
Chinese Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Dalit Buddhist movement wikipedia , lookup
Gautama Buddha wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist meditation wikipedia , lookup
Noble Eightfold Path wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism in Vietnam wikipedia , lookup
History of Buddhism in Cambodia wikipedia , lookup
Triratna Buddhist Community wikipedia , lookup
Buddha-nature wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism in Japan wikipedia , lookup
History of Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and psychology wikipedia , lookup
Dhyāna in Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
History of Buddhism in India wikipedia , lookup
Sanghyang Adi Buddha wikipedia , lookup
Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent wikipedia , lookup
Greco-Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Silk Road transmission of Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and sexual orientation wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Buddhist ethics wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and Western philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Enlightenment in Buddhism wikipedia , lookup
World Religions, Sixth Edition Warren Matthews Chapter Four: Buddhism This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: • any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; • preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; • any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Centers of Early Buddhism Life of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha Theravada Buddhists hold a humanistic view of the Buddha Mahayana Buddhists hold a divine and cosmic view of the Buddha Contemporary historians grapple with how to adjudicate among these accounts when forming their own presentation of the Buddha’s life Life of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha Born as Siddhartha Gautama at Lumbini Grove in India, 563 BCE Born into a royal family, lived and practiced as a Vedic Hindu Married princess Yashodhara when he was nineteen Was shielded by his family from difficulties of life outside the court In excursions, saw four things that surprised and disturbed him – an old man, a sick man, a corpse, and a wandering ascetic Became disturbed by the existence of suffering Left the court, left his wife and son, and became an ascetic Searched Hindu solutions, practicing extreme asceticism Studied under two Brahmin yogins Joined five ascetics in fasting, breath holding, odd body positions Enlightenment of Siddhartha Guatama, the Buddha Finally gave up on Hindu solutions Sat under a tree at Bodhgaya with resolve to understand the nature of suffering while demons assailed and tempted him Gained insight into the nature of suffering and how to escape rebirth Realized that destroying desire would eliminate suffering, leaving him free, awake, and enlightened Became the Buddha, the enlightened one Bodhgaya Stupa, Site of the Buddha’s Enlightenment Life of Siddhartha Guatama, the Buddha With his new insight, the Buddha set out to instruct others Delivered his first sermon Deer Park of Sarnath His friends, Brahmins, and his family join him Sangha – Buddhist community Dharma – law or teachings Spent forty-five years as a teacher The First Sermon of the Newly Enlightened Buddha The Four Noble Truths All life is dukkha, or suffering The origin of suffering is tanha, or attachment Suffering is ended by dispassion Suffering is overcome by using the Eightfold Path The Eightfold Path Wisdom 1) Right view 2) Right intention Ethical conduct 3) Right speech 4) Right action 5) Right livelihood Mental development 6) Right effort 7) Right mindfulness 8) Right concentration The Eightfold Path Right view: correct insight into the nature of suffering Right aim: correct resolve in overcoming suffering Right speech: truthful speech that reflects Buddhist knowledge Right action: livelihood according to with Buddhist ethics Right effort: disciplining the mind Right living: putting away wrong livelihood Right effort: applying the force of the mind Right mindfulness: understanding self and suffering Right concentration: progression through the stages of insight Buddhist Teaching The self is not permanent There is no ego, no soul, only a temporary gathering of skandhas Matter – physical bodies/sense organs Sensations – the process of feeling Perceptions – the mind receives the feelings Mental activity – impulses to react to feelings Consciousness – accompanies the feelings and response he Self is the aggregation of all these temporary psychological activities In death, the aggregation comes apart Buddhist Teaching Tanha (passion or craving) The desire to make permanent that which is impermanent All of nature (including ourselves) is impermanent, transitory The wheel of becoming fuels suffering (dukkha) Suffering occurs as long as we ignorantly assume we are “selves” that are independent of the processes Buddhist Teaching Nirodha (dispassion) Seeing clearly the nature of a person Understanding that there is no permanent self Helping bring an end to passion (suffering) Letting go is the end of suffering Buddhist Teaching Eightfold Path (the Middle Path) The extremes as Buddha saw them: Ritual – too occupied with the world Asceticism – too occupied with denial The middle path avoids these extremes by following all elements of the Eightfold Path simultaneously The end of the Eightfold Path is enlightenment Buddhist Teaching Samsara (Buddha agreed with the Hindu gurus that samsara, reincarnation, occurs, but he did not see the individual “re-occurring”) He did not want to return through rebirth instead of bringing release No one must wait for rebirth to attain release But anyone may achieve release in this life through following the Four Noble Truths The Buddha on Samsara and Karma Samsara – the idea that birth follows death Karma – the law that a person’s thoughts and deeds are followed by deserved pleasure or pain Through their karma, people are anchored in their physical nature, preventing release and carrying over to rebirth In Hinduism, karma is an explanation for caste In Jainism, karma is understood in primarily physical terms In Buddhism, karma is mainly psychological, not physical The Buddha and Metaphysics Branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the nature of the world Addresses questions such as: What is the nature of reality? Is there a God? What is man's place in the universe? Buddhism does not seek to answer metaphysical questions The Buddha concentrated on suffering, its nature, cause, and cure Buddhist Scriptures Pali collection, the Buddha's language (3 collections, 5 volumes) Originally kept in memory of disciples Written in Pali on palm leaves Gathered in separate baskets, or pitakas Chinese collection (61 volumes) Tibetan collection Kanjur (100+ volumes) Tanjur (225 volumes) Buddhist Scriptures The Tripitaka (three-fold basket) Vinaya Pitaka – rules for Buddhist monks (the Buddha's language) Sutta Pitaka – stories, poems and songs about the Buddha and his former lives Abhidhamma Pitaka – systematic development of ideas found in the Sutta Pitaka The First Buddhist Councils First Council – soon after Buddha’s death Affirmed authority of the religious community, purity of monks Established official scriptures (Tripitaka) Second Council – 100 years later at Vaisali Tensions between monks and laity Unofficial council 50 years later begins official split Third Council – 247 BC King Ashoka rejects heretical Buddhism Two Ways to Experience the Buddha: Theravadin and Mahayana Theravadin Buddhism – small vehicle Buddha as an exemplary human being Buddha as a model for ultimate religious transformation through self-application Devotees focus on monastic life Maitreya, the Buddha to come Salvation is through dedicated self-effort rather than intervention of deity Two Ways to Experience the Buddha: Theravadin and Mahayana Mahayana Buddhism – great vehicle Buddha as cosmic and god-like Salvation is not solely a matter of personal discipline but is assisted by various deities Human beings aided in their spiritual development Bodhisattvas, beings who, though capable of Nirvana, remain active in the world out of compassion for the suffering of others Schools of Buddhist Philosophy Madhyamika Formulated by Nagarjuna in the second century All existing things are empty of reality Doctrine of pratitya-samutpada, dependent origination Yogacara Formulated by Asanga in the fourth century All things as well as ideas are not real Buddhism in India Ashoka In 273 AD Ashoka comes to the throne and controls nearly all India Became guilty over the suffering his conquests caused Instituted a set of ruling principles set in stone: 1) Admitted his guilt in causing suffering 2) Prohibited killing animals 3) Set rules for community, family, school 4) Allowed civil servants to teach dharma 5) Promoted Buddhism with international missionaries Buddhism in China Tian Tai – based on the Lotus Sutra, that all beings can actualize their Buddha nature and become Buddhas Hua-Yen – based on the Avatamsaka Sutra, says that all phenomena interpenetrate one other, a holistic view of Buddha nature and the universe Jingtu – based on the Sukhavativyuha Sutra, says that one is saved by faith, not by works Chan – based on the Lankavatara Sutra, says that meditation, not expounding scriptures, leads to the Truth Schools of Chinese Buddhism Lotus – Buddha nature Flower Garland – interpenetration of all things Pure Land – humans beings saved by calling on bodhisattva Amitabha Meditation – brought by Bodhidharma, emphasizes meditation alone Buddhism in Japan Buddhism transmitted to Japan from Korea in the sixth century CE Tendai Brought by Dengyo Daishi from China, ninth century CE In harmony with Shinto, Amida is common figure of honor Shingon Brought by Kobo Daishi from China, ninth century CE Mysterious and magical Mantra (a phrase), mudra (posture), mandala (sacred picture) Jodo First devotees were Ryonin and later Genku Teaches salvation through the grace of Amida Buddhism in Japan Shinran Disciple of Genku who ate meat Established the Jodo-Shin sect of Buddhism in Japan Zen (Chan) Koans – illogical puzzles that provide insight Satori – the enlightenment experience Soto – gradual enlightenment by sitting in meditation Nichiren Recitation of the name of the Lotus Sutra Buddhism in Tibet In seventh century CE, Tibetan ruler Srong Tsan Gampo married two Buddhist wives from abroad, brought Buddhism into Tibet for the first time In the following century, Indian Buddhist teacher Shantarakshita brought Buddhism to Tibet in a more systematic fashion Buddhism in Tibet Occult and tantric forms Nyingmapa – Red Buddhism Embraced Hinduism tantric practices Ate meat and drank alcohol Gelugpa – wore yellow Advocated celibacy and vegetarianism Passed on their lineage through reincarnation The Dalai Lama is from the Gelugpa lineage of Tibetan Buddhism Tenzin Gyatso, the Current Dalai Lama Buddhism in the West Waves of Asian migration to the U.S. beginning in the nineteenth century brought Buddhism to the West Non-Asians have also taken an interest in Buddhism, particularly during the 1960s Nichiren Shoshu Sokagakkai is an example of organized forays by Buddhists into America Similar to its Japanese counterpart, it advocated salvation through chanting Today, a wide range of Buddhist traditions that developed throughout Asia are evidenced in the American landscape Buddhist Worldview Theravadins deny deity while Mahayanists believe deities are essential Human suffering is produced by ignorance of impermanence Alleviation of suffering by detachment from the world Solution to suffering is knowledge using the Four Noble Truths No life after death Lack of a strong concern for an end-time of history Buddhist Worldview Community ethics Symbiotic relationship between monastics and laity Karmic responsibility, karuna, compassion Abstinence from theft, intoxication, inappropriate speech, injury Laity recite a vow of refuge in three things: the Buddha – the enlightened one the Dharma – the Buddhist teachings the Sangha – the community of Buddhists Buddhist Worldview In some parts of Asia, young laymen take on the role of a Buddhist monk for a finite period of time Coexistence with other forms of religious practice Interest in active dialogue and engagement Although Mahayana Buddhism allows for the ordination of women nuns, they hold second-class status relative to monks Non-Asian women converts to Buddhism have introduced innovations in the possible roles for women leaders in Buddhism Buddhist Nun in Syracuse, New York