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Transcript
Extreme Trapping O From left, John Kemp, Rick Krishfield, and Kiyoshi Hatakeyama deploy a time-series sediment trap through a hole they’ve drilled in the Arctic Ocean ice cover. 36 • FALL/WINTER 1997 (See Oceanus Vol. 37, No. 2 for further information on the Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoy) Susumu Honjo Susumu Honjo Susumu Honjo ne of oceanography’s major challenges is collection respiring carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and in the of data from extraordinarily difficult environ long-term (hundreds of millions of years) when, following a ments. For those who use sediments traps, two long trip to the deep seafloor, the carbon of their dead examples of difficult environments are bodies is absorbed into Earth’s crust the deepest oceans and the permaby the plate tectonic process. nently ice-covered Arctic Basin. The WHOI PARFLUX group has Since 1986, Yoshi Nozaki collaborated over the last decade (University of Tokyo) has deployed with the Japan Marine Science and time-series sediment trap moorings Technology Center (JAMSTEC) to in the Japan Trench where the develop Ice-Ocean Environmental bottom depth exceeds 9 kilometers. Buoys (IOEBs) for deployment in the Despite extreme water pressure on Arctic. The buoys carry sediment the instruments at the deepest trap traps to collect descending particles (8.8 kilometers), Nozaki has as well as many sensors to detect the successfully redeployed the mooring variability of atmosphere, ice, and many times to collect multi-year upper ocean layers. A field team led samples from this enormous depth. by WHOI Research Associate Rick The water column at this location, Krishfield and Kiyoshi Hatakeyama nearly three times longer than in of JAMSTEC fly their gear to an ice most of the deep ocean, provides an island in the Arctic Ocean by skiexcellent natural laboratory for equipped cargo plane. They employ understanding, on an expanded a steam auger to cut a hole in the ice scale, the chemical reactions at work and then lower first the anchor, a on settling particles. Nozaki’s work current meter, and the sediment Yoshi Nozaki of the University of Tokyo poses with one of the traps he sends nearly nine kilometers deep. also concerns the broad-scale trap, which together form the lower problem of Earth’s carbon cycle: The portion of the mooring, followed by Pacific plate oceanic crust at the bottom of the trench is instruments situated farther up the line, and finally the destined to be subducted beneath the continental crust of buoy that plugs the hole in the ice. The sediment trap is adjacent plates. Thus ocean surface life forms contribute to programmed to open and close every half month. the planet’s carbon cycle both in the short-term when An ice island slowly describes a circle within the Canadian Basin where the present IOEB study is concentrated. This experiment allows scientists to sample settling particles and make other measurements throughout a wide area over a year or longer without themselves being present during the harsh Arctic winter. The first longterm (one-year), highresolution, time-series samples have arrived at WHOI, and we expect their analysis will contribute a great deal to our knowledge about how the biological pump operates under the Arctic ice. —Susumu Honjo