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Transcript
Inside Earth: Chapter 1- Plate Tectonics Section 1: Earth’s Interior Guide For Reading • What does a geologist do? • What are the main layers of Earth’s surface? • What are the characteristics of Earth’s crust, mantle, and core? What caused a 2.5 square kilometer landmass to form in the ocean off the coast of Iceland in 1963? • An erupting volcano underneath the ocean caused an island form and to continually to grow in size for many years What did the Icelanders name this landmass? Who did they name it after? • Icelanders named their new landmass Surtsey the god of fire The Science of Geology A scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet Earth are called ______. • geologists Geologists study the _____ and _____ characteristics of ______, the material that forms the surface of Earth. • Chemical • Physical • Rock Since the 1700’s the study of planet Earth is known as _______. • Geology Geologists divide the forces that change the earth’s surface into two groups: _____ _____ & _____ _____. • Constructive forces • Destructive forces The force that builds up mountains and other landforms is known as a ______. • Constructive Force List some other examples of this type of a constructive force. • Islands from volcanoes • Flooding • Weather (also destructive) The force that slowly wears away at mountains and eventually, every other feature on the surface of Earth is known as a _____ force. • Destructive force List some examples of this type of force. • Ocean waves • Weathering • Earthquakes Continent • A Landmass that is surrounded by water on all sides • Earth has seven continents Figure 2: Observing – What are the geologists in each picture doing? • The geologist in the top picture are studying the characteristics of a cave • The geologist in the bottom picture is investigating rock layers Geologists examine the layers of Earth to answer what three questions? • How old is Earth? • How has Earth’s surface changed over time? • Why are there oceans, and how did they form? Checkpoint: What kind of indirect evidence do geologists use to study the structure of Earth? • Geologists record seismic waves and study how they travel through Earth Guide For Reading: What does a geologist do? • Geologists study the processes that create Earth’s features and search for clues about Earth’s history. A Journey to the Center of the Earth Describe the features of a vehicle that would be needed to travel to the center of Earth. • • • • A drill A pressure detecting device A temperature detecting device A device that detects composition Describe the temperature change that takes place as the depth inside Earth increases. • Rock near the surface would be cool • About 20 meters down the rock gets warmer • For every 40 meters that descends a temperature increases 1°C The force pushing on a surface or area is known as _______. • Pressure Why does the pressure increase as you go deeper into Earth? • The pressure increases as you go deeper inside the earth because amount and weight of the rock increases Figure 4: Comparing & Contrasting – How is the water in the swimming pool similar to Earth’s interior? How is it different? • The deeper the water in the pool, the greater the pressure, just as pressure is greater the deeper you go beneath the surface of Earth • The water in the pool does not have layers Guide For Reading: What are the main layers of Earth’s surface? • The three main layers make up Earth’s interior: • The crust • The mantle • The core • Each layer has its own conditions and materials The Crust The ____ is a layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin. • Crust What would you expect to find covering the earth’s crust? • Rock • Soil • Water The crust is divided into two types, the dry land or the _____ crust and the ocean floor called the _____ crust. • Continental • Oceanic The _____ crust is made of _____, a dark, dense rock with fine texture. • Oceanic • Basalt The ______ crust is made of ______, which is made of larger crystals, is less dense and is lighter in color. • Continental • Granite Figure 5: Comparing & ContrastingWhich rock looks as if it’s made up of one material? of Several materials? • The basalt looks like it’s made of one material • The granite looks like it’s made of several materials. The Mantle A layer of hot rock that is found at a depth of between 5 and 40 kilometers beneath the surface is called the ______. • Mantle What are the two sub-layers of the mantle? Define each sublayer. • Lithosphere: The upper most mantle and the crust form a solid rigid • Asthenosphere: The soft portion of the mantle in which the lithosphere floats Checkpoint: How does the material of the asthenosphere differ from the material of the lithosphere? • The material in the asthenosphere is somewhat soft and can bend like plastic, while the material of the lithosphere is solid and rigid. The Core The two sub-layers of the core are ______ & ______. • Inner core • Outer core What are the major differences between the outer and inner core? • The outer core behaves like liquid iron and nickel • The inner core is a dense ball of solid iron and nickel • The pressure is so great that the iron and nickel can’t spread out into a liquid What characteristics cause geologists to consider the inner and outer cores as part of one layer instead of as two separate layers? • Great pressure • Both made of iron and nickel • temperature Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth 20 km 100 km 2,000 km 4,000 km 6,000 km Name of Layer Composition Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer 20 km crust 100 km 2,000 km 4,000 km 6,000 km Composition Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km 2,000 km 4,000 km 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle 2,000 km 4,000 km 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km 4,000 km 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km mantle 4,000 km 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km mantle Solid or molten material 4,000 km 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km mantle Solid or molten material 4,000 km Outer core 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km mantle Solid or molten material 4,000 km Outer core Molten iron & nickel 6,000 km Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km mantle Solid or molten material 4,000 km Outer core Molten iron & nickel 6,000 km Inner core Sharpen Your Skills Creating Data Tables Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages 22-23. Complete the table below. Depth Name of Layer Composition 20 km crust Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt 100 km mantle Solid rock 2,000 km mantle Solid or molten material 4,000 km Outer core 6,000 km Inner core Molten iron & nickel Solid iron & nickel Earth’s Magnetic Field Figure 7: Relating Cause & Effect – If you shifted the magnet beneath the paper, what would happen to the iron filings? • The iron filings would move with the magnet, again forming the same pattern above the magnet’s new position. What happens in Earth’s interior to produce Earth’s magnetic field? • Currents in the liquid outer core force the solid inner core to spin • Like a planet within a planet, the inner core spins inside Earth at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the planet Describe the layers of the interior where the magnetic field is produced. • The outer core is made of iron and nickel • This layer performs like a liquid • The inner core is a solid dense ball of iron and nickel • When the pressure from the outer core cause the inner core to spin the magnetic field occurs