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Transcript
The 4 Spheres of the Earth The 4 spheres are: Lithosphere (land) Hydrosphere (water) Atmosphere (air) Biosphere (living things) Lithosphere 1. Solid, rocky crust covering entire planet. 2. This crust is made up of minerals. 3. It covers the surface of Earth from the top of Mount Everest to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Hydrosphere • 1. Composed of all water on or near the earth. (Oceans, rivers, lakes, and even the moisture in the air.) 2. Ninety-seven percent of Earth's water is in the oceans. 3. Three percent is fresh water; three-quarters of that fresh water is solid and exists in ice sheets Biosphere 1. Composed of all living organisms. (All plants, animals, and one-celled organisms ) 2. Most of the planet's life is found from three meters below the ground to thirty meters above it and in the top 200 meters of the oceans and seas. Atmosphere 1. Body of air which surrounds our planet. 2. Most of our atmosphere is located close to the earth's surface where it is most dense. 3. The air of our planet is 79%nitrogen and just under 21% oxygen; the small amount remaining is composed of carbon dioxide and other gasses. Sphere Interactions **All spheres interact with other spheres. ** For example, rain (hydrosphere) falls from clouds in the atmosphere to the lithosphere and forms streams and rivers that provide drinking water for wildlife and humans as well as water for plant growth (biosphere). You get the idea! Study the coastline in the photograph. Suggest 5 interactions that are occurring between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere in this landscape? Here are some possible interactions that you may have thought of. waves undercut the cliffs causing upper portions of rock to collapse. wave action carries sand that polishes rocks on the beach. water evaporates from the ocean into atmosphere. water vapor condenses to form clouds. clouds produce rain. rainwater needed for plant growth. plant roots stabilize the soil. vegetation adds nutrients to the soil. vegetation takes up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releases oxygen. the ocean is a habitat for microscopic life, plants, fish, birds and mammals. wind generates waves. wind may blow away soil in exposed locations. oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. wave action adds oxygen to water, needed by aquatic plants and animals. Putting Them All Together 1. All four spheres can be, and often are, present in one single location. Layers of Earth from the CENTER OUTWARD: INNER CORE OUTER CORE MANTLE CRUST As you move from the crust to the inner core, the temperature of Earth increases. Layers from the CENTER OUTWARD 1 INNER CORE: Made of Iron. It is solid and unattached to the mantle. It is the hottest layer! Layers from the CENTER OUTWARD 2. OUTER CORE: It is a magma like liquid layer that surrounds the Inner Core and creates Earth's magnetic field. Layers from the CENTER OUTWARD 3. MANTLE: Earth’s thickest layer. Layers from the CENTER OUTWARD: 4. CRUST: EARTH’S THINNEST LAYER. Alfred Wegner Famous Scientist who founded the theory of Continental Drift. CONTINENTAL DRIFT Continental Drift was the first attempt to explain why similar animal and plant fossils are found on different continents. PANGEA Wegner’s belief that todays continents once formed a single landmass, a supercontinent, which he named Pangaea. Plate Tectonics A theory in geology: the lithosphere of the earth is divided into a small number of plates which float on and travel independently over the mantle similar to ice cubes in a bowl of water. Each plate has a particular name and they seem to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. 3 Types of Plate Boundaries Divergent Convergent Transform Divergent Plates: Move AWAY from one another. Convergent Plates: Move TOWARD one another. TRANSFORM Plates: Slide PAST one another. The end