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Friday April 6, 2012 FCAT workbook Page 67 questions 1-4 BR 4.6.12 Processes that shape the Earth Strand D Weather • Due to 4 atmospheric factors –Heat energy –Air pressure –Winds –Moisture Fronts • Cold front – brings violent storms that are followed by fair, cooler weather • Warm front – brings rain and showers followed by warmer, more humid weather • Occluded front – produce light rain or other precipitation • Stationary front – brings many days of almost continuous precipitation Theory of Continental Drift • Earth’s continents were once joined in a single large landmass (Pangaea) that broke apart and drifted to their current locations (and are still moving) Theory of Plate Tectonics • Explains the way the continents broke apart; including rocks, fossils, measurements, and ocean-floor structures Lithospheric Plates • Large portions of the crust that ride on top across Earth’s surface • Two kinds of crust –Continental crust (less dense) –Oceanic crust (more dense) Plate Boundaries • Where the edges of plates meet • Convergent boundary –Forms where plates collide • Divergent boundary –Forms when two plates move away from each other • Transform boundary –Where two plates slide past each other Earthquakes • A violent shaking of the Earth’s crust • Movement occurs along faults (large cracks in the Earth’s crust) • Seismic waves (earthquake waves) • Magnitude – strength of an earthquake measured using a seismograph • Richter scale – range from 1 to 9 Volcanoes • Form when material inside Earth reaches the surface • Cinder cone volcano – sudden, violent eruption; formed from ash, cinders and dust; Mount Isalco, Mexico • Shield volcano – slow, gentle eruption; formed from layers of cooled lava; Mauna Loa in Hawaii • Composite cone volcano – both violent and gentle eruptions; formed from alternating layers of ash and lava; Mount St. Helen’s in Washington Weathering • Breaks up rock into smaller pieces • Mechanical weathering – also called physical weathering; rocks are broken apart by a physical force (ice wedging, abrasion, plant action) • Chemical weathering – changes the chemical makeup of rocks and minerals (oxidation, dissolving by acids) Erosion and Deposition • Erosion – takes away land in one place and builds land in another • Deposition – when moving water, ice, wind, or gravity drops a load of Earth materials in a new places • Gravity is the underlying force of erosion and deposition Fossils • Remains or evidence of organisms in layers of rock • Petrified fossil – forms when minerals replace the bone or shell that was trapped, turning it into rock • Trace fossil – include footprints, tracks, trails and burrows made by living things Relative and Absolute Age • Relative Age Dating – a way to describe the age of one object or event compared to another object or event (based on comparisions – before, after, earlier, later, older, younger) • Absolute Age – describes the actual age of an object or event • Time for Strand D: Processes that shape the Earth • Monday – Review Earth and Space • Tuesday – Strand E – Earth and Space