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Senior University, Winter 2008 Session 6 Scientific Explanations should be as simple as possible, but not too simple Albert Einstein “History is so indifferently rich that a case for almost an conclusion from it can be made by a selection of instances” Will and Ariel Durant, “The Lessons of History” Where We’ve Been Heading: The last 3000 years Geology Mining Natural Philosophy Geology History World 1000 Eurasia 0 500 Egypt et al Hinduism Confucianism Judaism Greece Europe/Asia 500 1000 UK USA 1500 2000 Rome Religion Christianity Islam Buddhism Bible Geology through Human History Review from Session 5 1775 to 1875 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1800 1900 1882 Charles Blanchard President of College 2000 Geology: 1774 to 1875 New Geological Knowledge that challenged historical interpretations of the Bible Darwin: Humans=high animals, great age Lyell: predictable rates of change Hutton: Smith: Many fossils, floods great ages 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Uniformitarianism 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1800 1900 1882 Charles Blanchard President of College 2000 Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Geology in the Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Last Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction 150 Years Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Paleontology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 More Geology Conflicting with Historical Biblical Interpretations Continental Drift: Alfred Wegener Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Alfred Wegener, 1880 to 1930 German Meteorologist Continental Drift Proposal 290 Million Years Ago 37 Million Years Ago Continental Drift North America through the Ages Map Reconstruction of Geologic History Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 The Stratigraphic Column Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment Paleo-Geographic Maps Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment The Stratigraphic Column Isopach Maps Stratigraphy Correlating by age and Environment The Stratigraphic Column Paleo-Geographic Maps Geologic Maps Stratigraphy Subsurface Maps CorrelatingGeosynclines by age and Environment Gulf of Mexico Geosyncline Subsurface Cross Sections Gulf of Mexico Geosyncline Gulf of Mexico Geosyncline “Absolute” Age Dating of Rocks Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 J. Laurence Kulp research in radiometric dating included :- Potassium-argon dating[6] [7] - Rubidium-strontium dating [8] - Uranium-lead dating [9] - Carbon-14 [10] Geochemistry: Absolute Age Dating Geochemistry: Absolute Age Dating Radio Active Age Dating Radioactive Decay of Uranium 238 Geologic Time: “How old is our earth?” 1658 Bishop Ussher: 6000 years 1785 James Hutton: 30 to 50 million years 1830 Sir Charles Lyell: 80 million years Lord Kelvin, 24 to 40 million years (heat flow) 1899 John Joly, 90 million years (sea salts) 1947 to 1960 Radioactivity, 4.8 BILLION YEARS OLD!! Future ?????? Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 Geophysical Subsurface Imaging 2000 Geophysics: Subsurface Imaging Sea Level 20,000 feet Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Plate Tectonics: Ultimate Historical Geology Maurice Ewing, 1906 to 1974, Geophysicist, Lamont Geological Observatory Columbia University, New York Lamont, NY Woods Hole, Mass Scripps , CA Geologic Time Diagram Mississippian time Mississippian Time 340 million years ago Mountain Range due to Plate Collisions Scandinavia Mountain Range due to Loading Crushed & Melted into mountain range England France Spain 200 Million Years of Continental Destruction & Renewal 300 million years ago Pennsylvanian time North America: Northward Drift during Pennsylvanian Time Mississippian Time 340 million years ago Pennsylvanian Time 300 million years ago Texas at equator Greenland rotating counter clockwise West Texas Permian Basin Pennsylvanian Geosyncline in front of growing mountains Plate Tectonics Geophysics: Subsurface imaging Geochemistry : Radio age dating Continental Drift Stratigraphy : Stratigraphic Column, paleo-geol ogic Maps Mineralogy: Components of rocks: Microscopes, X-ray diffraction Petrology: Origin of Rocks Petrography (classification of rocks): from early times Crystallography: gem stones: from the beginning of human history to the present Mining geology: from the beginning of time to the present 1859 Charles Darwin, Origin of Species 1830 Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Paleontology 1815 William Smith, Fossil correlation maps 1788 Hutton, Theory of the Earth 1800 1900 2000 Geology Conflicting with Literal Readings of Biblical account of Creation & Noah’s Flood Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD Geological Conclusions: The Young Earth: Created by God in 4004 BC Worldwide Flood: 2348 BC Humans: Finale of God’s living Creation Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD Geological Conclusions: The Young Earth: Created by God in 4004 BC Worldwide Flood: 2348 BC Humans: Finale of God’s living Creation Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD Geological Interpretations The Young Earth: Created by God in 4004 BC The Old Earth: 4.5 billion years old Worldwide Flood: 2348 BC Many “worldwide floods Humans: Finale of God’s living Creation Humans current top of Homo sapiens tree View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD “Young Earth” Response 1. Majority: Ignore Science 2. Vocal Few: Uniformitarianism is invalid! God set aside natural laws to accomplish His Purpose 3. Noah’s Flood produced all geology George McCready Price (1870–1963) Young Earth Advocate Early 20th Century The New Geology (1923), a 726 page college textbook Largely ignored as Illogical & unscientific George McCready Price, left Late 20th Century Institute for Creation Research Our Mission ICR equips believers with evidence of the Bible's accuracy and authority through scientific research, educational programs, and media presentations, all conducted within a thoroughly biblical framework Institute for Creation Research Vocal Young Earth Advocates since 1970 ICR began as the research division of Christian Heritage College, now known as San Diego Christian College. The heart of ICR and the vision of our late founder, Dr. Henry M. Morris, is to conduct scientific research and gather evidences in support of biblical truth, especially on the issue of origins. Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD View Two: The Bible is the Inerrant WORD of GOD Stories of Old Testament may be myths, Legends, etc Geological Conclusions: Creation 4.5 billion years ago acceptable to many Noah’s Flood one of many through time Humans: Finale of God’s “evolutionary” Creation Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD View Two: The Bible is the Inerrant WORD of GOD Stories of Old Testament may be myths, Legends, etc View Three: The Bible contains the WORD of GOD Varying amounts of Bible are words of Man Geology embraced Many holding views One and Two appalled at possible dilution of the Biblical Message Four Views on Religious “Stories” e.g. The Bible View One: The Bible is the Literal WORD of GOD View Two: The Bible is the Inerrant WORD of GOD Stories of Old Testament may be myths, Legends, etc View Three: The Bible contains the WORD of GOD Varying amounts of Bible are words of Man View Four: Bible Impressive Ancient Literature Not relevant to physical sciences The Unfortunate current use of Intelligent Design Intelligent Design used by both the Media & Young Earth Advocates Since a “Young” Earth required discarding all Scientific evidence, it cannot be either intelligent or by Design. Dbeau 2008 “If young earth is true, it is the most cruel joke that a so-called benevolent Creator could make On Humans” Dr. J. Laurence Kulp The Unfortunate current use of Intelligent Design Intelligent Design used by both the Media & Young Earth Advocates Intelligent Design is said to imply great complexity. In Reality natural design, though complex, is extremely simple in function. Dbeau, 2008 Scientific Explanations should be as simple as possible, but not too simple Albert Einstein In Reality natural design, though complex, is extremely simple in function. Dbeau, 2008 For Example: The Earth’s Living Crust Earth’s Living Crust Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics defined from 1950 to 1970 Unifying Theory in Geology The Earth’s Two Crustal Types Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Oceanic Crust: dark colored dense rocky top of the mantle about 5 miles thick Continental Crust: light colored less dense than oceanic “floats” on the mantle from 25 to 50 miles thick Continental Crust must be renewed periodically because: Why? To maintain land above sea level! Erosion over time will sweep all the continents into the sea. Continental Crust must be renewed periodically because Continents could be “leveled” by erosion because: 3/5th of earth is oceans, 3 miles deep while only 2/5th of earth is continents, ½ mile high Our Living Earth Renewing the Continents Continental Debris being Crushed, melted & welded back into the Continent Continent being Destroyed by Weathering & Erosion Continental Debris Trapped along the Continental Margins Our Earth’s Living Crust Oceanic Crust is Recycled Continuously Oceanic crust: old crust is melted below active continental margins new oceanic crust is formed in ocean ridges Our Living Earth Recycling the Ocean Crust Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Mid Ocean Ridge New Ocean Crust being formed Oceanic Crust Being melted Pacific Subduction Trench Our Living Earth Recycling the Ocean Crust Mid Atlantic Ridge South Pacific Ridge Old NewOceanic OceanicCrust Crustbeing beingmelted formed continuously in Subduction Trenches along mid-ocean ridges Earth’s Living Crust Living: It Reproduces Itself Amazing Natural Design Some Amazing Designs in Nature: Biological DNA! Astronomical Universe!!! Geological Living Crust!! Amazing Natural Design How do we explain it?? Take the Earth’s Living Crust Just Natural Chance? or Intelligent Design? Intelligent or Natural Design It’s your choice! Intelligent Design Nature created by an Intelligence The Earth’s Living Crust More than Intelligent Design? Could Science be defining a Benevolent Design? Science: Discovering God’s Benevolent Design