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Earth Science Review Remember that textbooks must be returned to me by the date of the exam. Failure to do so, will result in a book fee being assessed to you Interior of the earth Inner core • Iron • Incredible temp and pressure keeps Iron solid Outer Core • Liquid Iron • Generates the Earth’s magnetic Field Mantle • Largest section of earth • Includes: lower mantle, aethnosphere, lithosphere Astenosphere • Below lithosphere • Plastic in nature Lithosphere • Broken up into the tectonic plates • Hard Crust • Very thin compared to any other layer (oceanic thinner than continental) • Oceanic is more dense than continental • Oceanic subducts under continental during any collision Magnetoshere • Region around earth under influence of earth’s magnetic field • Aurora borealis: formed by combination of Sun’s energy, atmosphere, and earth magnetic field • Orientation has switched many times in the past Plate Tectonics • Theory that describes the movement of plates and the physical evolution of the Earth Plate tectonics • Alfred Wegener – Father of Plate Tectonics • Continental Drift – Movement of continents • Sea Floor Spreading – Movement of parts of sea floor away from each other Names • Pangaea = one land = formed when all the continents came together • Panthalassa = one sea Evidence of plate motion through time Fossil evidence (mesosaurus) Climate evidence (glacial material in africa) Shape of present continents Age of sea floor rocks Paleomagnetism Divergent Boundaries • Boundary formed when two plates are pulled away from each other • On land = rift valley • Underwater = mid oceanic ridges • Crust is created in this zone Convergent boundary • Boundary formed when 2 plates are moving towards each other • Crust is destroyed in this zone Subduction zones • Place where one plate (older, denser) slides under another plate • Area that forms both volcanoes and earthquakes • American northwest, Alaska, Japan, Indonesia Transform Boundaries • Boundary formed when 2 plates move past each other • San Andreas Fault in California Convection • Concept which determines how lithospheres' plates can move • Hot material rises to the surface, pushing older cooler material aside • Cold material sinks back into the interior of the earth Earthquakes • Result from the sudden motion of 2 plates at a boundary • Aftershocks: subsequent earthquakes after the main one • Focus: Location on plate boundaries of the movement. In Earth • Epicenter: location on surface directly above focus Pacific Ring of Fire • Located in the … • Identified as a series of plate boundaries that ring the Pacific Ocean • Most of the world earthquakes and volcanoes are associated with this ring Seismic Waves • Movement of energy released as a result of an earthquake • Seismometer– instrument used to record seismic waves • Seismograpgh-readout of data collected by seismomenters Types of waves • P- Waves: fastest, push or pull, go through liquid • S- Waves: slower, sideways motion, will not go through liquid • Surface: Slowest, moves earth, most damaging Location of Epicenter • Difference in time between P and S waves Need seismograph readings of an earthquake from 3 different sources Richter Scale • Intensity of Quake • Above 7 means large quake • Below 4 means small quake • Largest 9.2 Indonesia Safest Place • In a Room : In a doorway • In a moving car: Move car to open area, stay in car Tsunami • Great Wave • Caused by underwater earthquake, or land slide that puts material into water • What are the major differences between a Tsunami and a Rogue Wave Volcano • Created when molten rock from the interior reaches the surface • Vent is an opening for release of lava/gas/water • Fumaroles, geysers, hot springs, mud pots Volcanic dangers • Pyroclastic flow: hot mixture of ash and gas, fast moving • Lahar (mudflow): hot mixture of water and ash • Volcanic bombs: solid material ejected from volcano • Ash/ acid rain Surface features related to volcanism • Hot springs: underground water is heated by coming close to magma; returns to surface through cracks , fractures • Geysers: hot springs that periodically erupt • Fumaroles: openings where hot gases are released • Mud pots: hot springs with little water and ash near the surface opening • Magma: molten rock inside Earth • Lava: molten rock on surface of Earth Types of lava • Felsic / mafic • Pahoehoe / aa Where do most volcanoes appear? • At or near plate boundaries • Subduction zones, divergent boundaries, not transform boundaries Types of volcaones • Shield: Broad, not dangerous, lava • Cinder: Smaller, more dangerous, ash • Stratovolcano: Large, most dangerous, both ash and rock • Crater formed by the build up of material released from a vent • Caldera is formed by the collapse of a magma chamber Mars • Has Solar Systems largest volcanoes • Olympus Mons • Shield Rock Cycle • Stages and actions Rock Types • Igneous • Metamorphic • Sedimentary