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Earth Science Review
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Interior of the earth
Inner core
• Iron
• Incredible temp and pressure keeps Iron
solid
Outer Core
• Liquid Iron
• Generates the Earth’s magnetic Field
Mantle
• Largest section of earth
• Includes: lower mantle, aethnosphere,
lithosphere
Astenosphere
• Below lithosphere
• Plastic in nature
Lithosphere
• Broken up into the tectonic plates
• Hard
Crust
• Very thin compared to any other layer
(oceanic thinner than continental)
• Oceanic is more dense than continental
• Oceanic subducts under continental during
any collision
Magnetoshere
• Region around earth under influence of
earth’s magnetic field
• Aurora borealis: formed by combination of
Sun’s energy, atmosphere, and earth
magnetic field
• Orientation has switched many times in
the past
Plate Tectonics
• Theory that describes the movement of
plates and the physical evolution of the
Earth
Plate tectonics
• Alfred Wegener – Father of Plate
Tectonics
• Continental Drift – Movement of continents
• Sea Floor Spreading – Movement of parts
of sea floor away from each other
Names
• Pangaea = one land = formed when all the
continents came together
• Panthalassa = one sea
Evidence of plate motion through
time
Fossil evidence (mesosaurus)
Climate evidence (glacial material in africa)
Shape of present continents
Age of sea floor rocks
Paleomagnetism
Divergent Boundaries
• Boundary formed when two plates are
pulled away from each other
• On land = rift valley
• Underwater = mid oceanic ridges
• Crust is created in this zone
Convergent boundary
• Boundary formed when 2 plates are
moving towards each other
• Crust is destroyed in this zone
Subduction zones
• Place where one plate (older, denser)
slides under another plate
• Area that forms both volcanoes and
earthquakes
• American northwest, Alaska, Japan,
Indonesia
Transform Boundaries
• Boundary formed when 2 plates move
past each other
• San Andreas Fault in California
Convection
• Concept which determines how
lithospheres' plates can move
• Hot material rises to the surface, pushing
older cooler material aside
• Cold material sinks back into the interior of
the earth
Earthquakes
• Result from the sudden motion of 2 plates
at a boundary
• Aftershocks: subsequent earthquakes
after the main one
• Focus: Location on plate boundaries of the
movement. In Earth
• Epicenter: location on surface directly
above focus
Pacific Ring of Fire
• Located in the …
• Identified as a series of plate boundaries
that ring the Pacific Ocean
• Most of the world earthquakes and
volcanoes are associated with this ring
Seismic Waves
• Movement of energy released as a result
of an earthquake
• Seismometer– instrument used to record
seismic waves
• Seismograpgh-readout of data collected
by seismomenters
Types of waves
• P- Waves: fastest, push or pull, go
through liquid
• S- Waves: slower, sideways motion, will
not go through liquid
• Surface: Slowest, moves earth, most
damaging
Location of Epicenter
• Difference in time between
P and S waves
Need seismograph readings of an
earthquake from 3 different sources
Richter Scale
• Intensity of Quake
• Above 7 means large quake
• Below 4 means small quake
• Largest 9.2 Indonesia
Safest Place
• In a Room : In a doorway
• In a moving car: Move car to open area,
stay in car
Tsunami
• Great Wave
• Caused by underwater earthquake, or land
slide that puts material into water
• What are the major differences between a
Tsunami and a Rogue Wave
Volcano
• Created when molten rock from the interior
reaches the surface
• Vent is an opening for release of
lava/gas/water
• Fumaroles, geysers, hot springs, mud pots
Volcanic dangers
• Pyroclastic flow: hot mixture of ash and gas,
fast moving
• Lahar (mudflow): hot mixture of water and ash
• Volcanic bombs: solid material ejected from
volcano
• Ash/ acid rain
Surface features related to
volcanism
• Hot springs: underground water is heated by
coming close to magma; returns to surface
through cracks , fractures
• Geysers: hot springs that periodically erupt
• Fumaroles: openings where hot gases are
released
• Mud pots: hot springs with little water and ash
near the surface opening
• Magma: molten rock inside Earth
• Lava: molten rock on surface of Earth
Types of lava
• Felsic / mafic
• Pahoehoe / aa
Where do most volcanoes appear?
• At or near plate boundaries
• Subduction zones, divergent boundaries,
not transform boundaries
Types of volcaones
• Shield: Broad, not dangerous, lava
• Cinder: Smaller, more dangerous, ash
• Stratovolcano: Large, most dangerous,
both ash and rock
• Crater formed by the build up of material
released from a vent
• Caldera is formed by the collapse of a
magma chamber
Mars
• Has Solar Systems largest volcanoes
• Olympus Mons
• Shield
Rock Cycle
• Stages and actions
Rock Types
• Igneous
• Metamorphic
• Sedimentary