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Chapter 1.1 – Earth Science http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/ super-earth-exoplanet-atmosphere-101201.html Branches of Earth Science Geology Oceanography Meteorology Astronomy Environmental Science Importance Earth science provides us with information on our place in the universe and the resources to obtain from the planet Goal of science To explain natural phenomena with information gathered in a methodical manner Scientific Methods A series of steps in order to approach scientific research systematically Observations Forming hypothesis Experimentation (variables) Gathering Data Drawing conclusions and reporting Gathering Data In order to have good scientific data it must be accurate and precise! Percentage of error needs to be calculated based on repetitions of the measurements Models can be graphical, conceptual, physical, computer or mathematical to display the data Acceptance of Ideas Results of experiments must be published Results need to be peer reviewed Ideas may become theories or laws if the information is widely accepted and proven Terms from chapter 1 for test Independent variable Dependent variable Scientific Law Theory Observation Hypothesis Oceanography Meteorology Astronomy Geology Chapter 2 Earth: A Unique Planet 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by global ocean. Structural Zones of the Earth’s crust: Lithosphere-solid outer layer of Earth made up of crust/rigid upper part of the mantle Asthenosphere-solid plastic layer of mantle rock that flows slowly and allows tectonic plates to move on top of it Mesosphere- “middle” strong lower part of mantle between asthenosphere & outer core Energy in the Earth system: Closed system-energy but NOT matter is exchanged with the surroundings Open system-Both energy AND matter are exchanged with the surroundings 4 spheres 1. Atmosphere-mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon 2. Hydrosphere-water portion of the Earth 3. geosphere-mostly solid rocky part of Earth 4. Biosphere- part of Earth where life exists (includes all living organisms) Cycles in the Earth system Nitrogen- air to soil, plants/animals, back to air again Carbon- short term- pants-> CO2 to C6H12O6 Then animals consume the plants and reverse the process long-term- Storage of carbon in the geosphere as plants/animals are buried Phosphorus – rarely ever a gas – moves through all spheres but the atmosphere Cycles continued Water Cycle-movement of water from atmosphere to Earth’s surface to the atmosphere again. Evaporationcondensation-precipitation ECOSYSTEMS Ecosystem-a community of organisms and their abiotic (non-living) environment (Eco Greek word oikos = “house”) To remain healthy, an ecosystem needs to have a balance of producers, consumers, and decomposers. The largest ecosystem is the biosphere (living). In general ecosystems react to change by restoring or maintaining the balance. How does the transfer of energy throughout an ecosystem begin? -Plants capture solar energy through photosynthesis (“light”) Carrying capacity- the largest population that an environment can support at any given time Food Web- diagram that shows the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem