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Earth Sciences – Jack Pierce – MS 2 Meteorology Geology Oceanography Astronomy 1 What is Earth Science?? 3 • Explores the scientific study of all aspects of earth • atmosphere, oceans • minerals, rocks, soils • deserts, mountains How is the Earth studied? – Science asks deeper questions • How do “things” work and why? • Why have glaciers retreated and advanced over geologic time? • What effects might happen to natural earth processes if they were inadvertently changed? What questions do you have about your earth? How do you think these questions are answered with accuracy? 4 How do we find “accuracy” in our answers? The Scientific Method A set of logical steps scientists use to “get to the truth” of processes acting in the universe Making Observations • Collecting facts, asking why questions Formulating a Hypothesis (predictions as to why) • Explaining how and why it works (after factfinding), “educated guessing” Testing the Hypothesis (experimenting) • performing experimentations that test the accuracy of the hypothesis 5 How do we find “accuracy” in our answers? The Scientific Method Scientific Theory • well-tested hypothesis – widely accepted view that explains observable facts Scientific Law or Principle • natural phenomena are observed to happen in the same way – no deviations have ever been observed 6 The Scientific Method If you fail, try try try again. 7 The Scientific Method in Action-- Astronomy Observation/ Experimentation/ Theory 1,650 years of scientific method Isaac Newton Described the 3 laws C. Ptolemy N. Copernicus J. Kepler of motion, Universal Almagest – Continued with Developed the Gravitation, showed accepted the the three earth and planetary geocentric heliocentric planetary bodies are governed model over theory– -laws of motion by universal laws of the and was Revolutionized physics – thus ending heliocentric widely astronomy geocentric theory model accepted Astronomy Timeline A.D. 90 – 168 1473-1543 1571-1630 1643-1727 10 I IC Earth Science. Discuss with a friend: 1. Explain why the scientific method is a useful tool for learning about the processes that occur in our universe. 2 Define the steps within the scientific method. I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. 9 Earth System Science – How does the view of Earth influence the way we How do you think study earth? earth processes interact? Various “systems” within the earth that interact with one another -– called Earth System Science • Systems are NOT individually studied System: • How one system impacts another system An integrated set of “parts” that work together to accomplish a goal or task (objective) Give an example of various systems. 11 Earth as a System: Which system is the Earth? • How systems exchange matter and energy SUN SUN SUN Isolated System Closed System No exchange of matter or energy Exchange of energy but not matter Open System Exchange of both matter and energy 12 The Fragile Earth – A CLOSED system: • Any change in a closed system will affect other systems. • The amount of matter on earth is “fixed” – “We ain’t got no more” --- This is all we have. • When we dispose of waste, it’s still here. The waste will remain within the closed boundaries of earth. “There is no away to throw things to.” 13 X x x I IC Earth Science. Discuss with a friend: 1. Define a system as discussed in earth science. 2. Differentiate between an open, closed, and isolated system. 3. Explain why earth is considered a closed system. I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. 14 The fragile earth as a closed system is supported by four interrelated open systems. Lithosphere Represents the solid earth: minerals, rocks, and interior Biosphere: Includes all living organisms on land, in water, and in air Atmosphere: Thin blanket of gas keeping life alive, warm, and protected Hydrosphere: Interaction of all water processes, only planet with water, 71% ocean 12,500 feet deep, streams, lakes, groundwater Geosphere Interaction of all open systems 15 How the 4 major open systems are divided into open subsystems: Hydrosphere: oceans, streams, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, raindrops Atmosphere: high/low pressure systems, clouds, atmospheric layers, interaction of atmospheric gasses Lithosphere: plate tectonics, minerals/rocks, rock cycle Biosphere: separating different species of animals and plants 17 I Earth Science. Discuss with a friend: 1. Define the following: lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere 2. Provide an earth process that takes place between two open systems. 3. What is the meaning of geosphere? 18 An Important Aspect of Earth Science • The earth maintains balance between the open systems through positive and negative feedback mechanisms. Positive feedback works to change the system Negative feedback works to resist the change “Tug of War” Working to change the system and working to resist the change maintains balance within the system. weight gain example 19 Positive/Negative Feedback Example: Earth’s climatic system – positive/negative feedback Positive feedback Negative feedback Reflecting sunlight SUN water vapor –increases air temperature Evaporates sea water Ocean Water vapor condenses, forming clouds Ocean Increasing evaporation (working to change the system) Decreasing evaporation (working to resist change) Atmosphere maintains balance. 20 I IC Earth Science. 1. Describe the meaning of positive and negative feedback mechanisms. 2. Explain how positive and negative feedback mechanisms keep the earth balanced. 3. Think of at least 2 positive/negative feedbacks that balance the earth. Discuss with a friend: I will get an A on my exams and quizzes 21 Aspects of earth science: Meteorology Geology Oceanography Astronomy Geology – the study of the earth Physical Geology: •Materials that comprise the earth • rocks, minerals, earth’s interior • processes acting below and above the surface Historical Geology: •Understand the earth’s origin and development • understand the chronological order of geologic events over 4.6 b.y. The geologic time scale Dating various geologic events 23 The significance of fossils Physical Oceanography: • The study of the ocean floor including: • • • • • Ocean chemistry Physics Sea floor geology Coastal processes Sea floor topography 24 Meteorology: • Study of the atmosphere and processes that produce climate and weather 25 Astronomy: • The study of the universe • the earth’s place in our universe • the origin of our earth • how earth is related to all other objects in the universe 26 I Earth Science. Discuss with a friend: 1. Provide a definition and example for each discipline found in ES. 2. Explain why the earth is a closed system. I will get an A on my exams and quizzes 27 The earth’s place in the solar system Uranus Jupiter Earth Venus Mercury SUN Mars Inner planets Terrestrial planets Asteroid Belt 8. Neptune Saturn Outer planets Jovian planets Gas planets Low densities High densities 28 Lithosphere Cont/ocean crust Upper mantle 2.8 g/cm3 Crust Asthenosphere ductile rock Mantle -Solid Si,O,Fe,Mg,Ca 5.5 g/cm3 Mantle Outer Core Molten – Ni, Fe 11.5 g/cm3 Core Inner Core Solid- Ni, Fe 12.5 g/cm3 Temp: 5000 C Source of magnetic field Why are densities arranged from heavy (core) to lightest (crust)? Chemical Differentiation 29 The earth’s interior What makes earth unique?? Oxygen, water, life • oxygen atmosphere • no O2 on other planets • the hydrologic cycle Soil accumulation • weathering of rocks • various soil types Plate Tectonics 30 • moving continents • formation of landforms from interacting plates I Earth Science. Discuss with a friend: 1. Name the planets in their proper order. 2. Describe the layering of the earth using lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, and core; explain properties. 3. Describe chemical differentiation. 4. Present at least 3 reasons why the earth is unique. I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. 33 Humans and Our Earth How long have humans inhabited the earth? Jan Age of dinosaurs Jan 4.6 billion years Man began inhabiting the earth (2 million years ago) --December 31, the last 30 seconds of the year!!!! How has man impacted earth in the last 5000 years (the beginning of reasonably modern times) 34 Paul Ehrlich-Stanford University • food supplies will fall short, and How famine will does follow.the earth’s population grow?? Paul Waggoner – an agronomist • using current technology, productivity increases far beyond population growth. 6.5 billion famine Enough food produced 35 So, why study Earth Science? 39 •We depend on earth’s resources. • where to find resources and how to manage the resources • Understand earth (geologic) hazards • how earthquakes, land sliding, volcanic eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornados, “just to name a few” processes, work! • Understand the complexity of the interactions between the earth’s spheres • open system relationships between the lithosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere Oh yeah, so you get your science requirement! I Earth Science. Discuss with a friend: 1. Explain why earth science is important to study, even for a non-scientist. I will get an A on my exams and quizzes.