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Study Guide Chapter 13
1. Compare and contrast uniformitarianism and catastrophism
2. Diagram the four basic internal structures of the earth. Describe
the characteristics of each layer in terms of thickness, composition,
and whether the layers are solid ,liquid or plastic.
3. What percent of the earth's mass does the crust compose?
4. Distinguish between the aethenosphere, lithosphere, oceanic crust,
and continental crust.
5. Identify the mineral groups which comprise the earth's crust.
6. Describe how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are
formed.
7. Describe an igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
8. Diagram and describe the rock cycle.
Study Guide Continued
9. Distinguish between rocks and minerals.
10.Describe and give examples of a divergent plate
boundary.
11.Describe and give examples of lateral boundaries.
12.Describe and give examples of a convergent plate
boundary.
13.Describe the theory of plate tectonics
14.What is sea floor spreading?
15.What is the name of the plate we are located on and
what type of boundary is associated with California.
Earth’s Materials, the
Lithosphere and Plate Tectonics
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Geomorphology
Catastrophism
Theory of uniformitarianism
Tectonic forces versus gradational forces
Estimated age of Earth is 4.5 billion years
that’s 4500 million years.
Geologic Eras
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PreCambrian-Most of geologic time
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic- Our present era
Earth’s Interior
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Inner core- Solid iron
Outer core
Mantle
Crust- Only 1% of Earth’s total mass
Fig. 13-18, p. 372
Fig. 13-20, p. 373
Fig. 13-25, p. 378
Plate Tectonics
• Divergence (to pull apart)
– Also know as sea floor spreading
• Convergence (come together)
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–
–
•
Oceanic and continental (subduction)
Continental and continental(mountains)
Oceanic and oceanic (subduction)
Lateral Movement (displaced)
Fig. 13-28, p. 380
Sea Floor
Spreading
Fig. 13-26, p. 379
Fig. 13-34, p. 384
Fig. 13-22, p. 375
Simulation 18 Pangaea
Evidence of Plate Tectonics
• Dating of rocks
– Oceanic rocks are much younger (200 million
versus 4 billion years for continental
– Younger to older parallel bands
• Continental drift
– Jigsaw shape of the continents
Fig. 13-24a, p. 377
Evidence of Plate Tectonics
• Plant and animal fossils
– Australia and South America have similar
tropical plant fossils and reptiles.
• Mountain ranges
– Similar across oceans
Composition of Earth
• The elements by percentages which make
up the Earth are:
–
–
–
–
Oxygen 47
Aluminum 8.1
Calcium 3.6
Potassium 2.7
Table 13.1
silicon 28
iron 5.0
sodium 2.8
magnesium 2.1
What is a mineral?
• Elements come together to form minerals
• General characteristics of minerals
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–
–
–
–
1.Natural ( not man made)
2.Inorganic
3.Crystalline
4.Solid
5.Constant chemical composition.
What is a mineral?
• Is air a mineral?
• Is Oil?
• Is Ice?
Rock categories
• Minerals come together to form rocks.
• Three main categories of rocks
– Igneous
– Metamorphic
– Sedimentary
Igneous Rocks
• Rocks that were molten rock and have
solidified.
• There are two types of igneous rocks
– Plutonic rocks
– Volcanic rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
• Rocks that have been under tremendous
heat and pressure.
• Change
Sedimentary Rocks
• Are derived from accumulated sediments.
Deposited in layers and compacted by
pressure from the materials above.
Cemented.
• Age of layers
Sedimentary Rocks
• Three categories of sedimentary rocks
– Clastic: Are sedimentary rocks that broken
and weathered fragments of preexisting
rocks.
– Organic: Dead plants and animals
– Chemical: Rocks formed due to
precipitation.
Fig. 13-5, p. 364
Rock lab guidelines
• Go by the numbers on the white pieces of paper in
the tray. VERY IMPORTANT
• Know the category-Igneous, metamorphic,
sedimentary
• Grades based on how many names correctly
identified.
• Each number unique name. No two the same.
• No talking between groups.
• One free check PER GROUP
Fig. 13-3, p. 363
Rock lab
• Omit
– Igneous: gabbro, andesite
– Metamorphic: schist, quartizite
– Sedimentary: siltstone, shale,rocksalt,rock
gypsum, tufa, organic limestone.