Download Kingdom Monera (what we call bacteria)

Warm-Up 1/14/09
List your classes and what kind of a final you
are having in that class.
Turn in warm-ups today.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Gram +, but does not hold dye well
because of waxy outer coating

Bacillus/rod shaped
Clusters
 Antibiotics can kill it,
until it evolves

From PBS Evolution website
 Evolving Ideas, why does evolution matter
now?

 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2
/e_s_6.html
 6 min
Escherichia coli

Gram negative

Clusters

Bacillum/Rod shaped

Can be killed by penecillin, unless
resistant.
Clostridium perferigens
Gram positive
 Bacillus/rod shaped
 Single grouping


Can be killed by antibiotics
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gram negative
 Coccus/ circular
 Clusters


Can be treated with antibiotics
Bacteria Basics
Multi-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
“Bacteria”
Prokaryotic cells
 Oldest living organisms
 Lack nuclei and other
organelles; have cell walls
 DNA is a circular fragment
called a plasmid

Prokaryotes = Two Kingdoms

Eubacteria- common bacteria living in and
among humans; ex: E. coli

Archaebacteria- bacteria living in extreme
conditions- volcanoes, ocean vents,
mountain peaks, etc.;
Methanogens
(a type of Archaebacteria)
E. coli (a type of
Eubacteria)
Why Two Kingdoms?
Eubacteria have peptidoglycan (a
carbohydrate) in their cells walls;
Archaebacteria don’t.
 DNA of archaebacteria is more like DNA of
eukaryotes; they may be the ancestors of
eukaryotes.

Classifying Prokaryotes…

Prokaryotes are organized into groups
based on:
 Shape
 Movement
 Chemical
make-up of cell walls
 How they get energy
Basic Shapes of Bacteria

1) spherical – coccus (cocci)

2)rod-shaped – bacillus (bacilli)

3) spiral – spirillum (spirilli)
Arrangements of Bacteria
Staphylo – clusters
 Strepto – filaments or strings
 Diplo – two
 Colonies – groups of like bacteria growing
together (starting from a single bacterium)
 Lawn- bacterial colonies growing across a
surface. Ex: plaque on teeth


Streptobacillus

Staphylococcus
Movement of Bacteria
May move by flagella
 May not move at all!

Chemical Make-Up of Cell Wall
Defined by Gram stain
 Gram positive (+) = purple

 Two
layered cell wall
 Susceptible to antibiotics (produced by
bacteria)
Common Gram +
bacteria are
Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus,
B. subtilis

Gram negative (-) = pink

3 layered cell wall
 Unaffected by many antibiotics
Important in determining treatment of disease
Common Gram –
bacteria are E. coli and
those that cause
cholera and salmonella
How Bacteria Get Energy


Heterotrophs (get food from outside source)
Autotrophs (make their own food)
- photoautotrophs use light energy
(cyanobacteria are first to recolonize after a
natural disaster)
- chemoautotrophs use chemicals
found in environment (archaebacteria in
deep sea vents use hydrogen sulfide gas)
Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw

Choose a bacterial disease to read about
(E. coli, Tuberculosis, Meningitis, Flesh Eating)
 On
notebook paper, answer the following
questions:
What are the symptoms of the disease?
 How is the disease spread?
 How is the disease treated?
 What are the long-term effects of the disease?
 Any other interesting info. you find!

Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw
In your group of four, take turns sharing
information about your disease
 In your group, read the ‘epidemic profiles’
 In your group, write four short paragraphs
answering the following:

 Which
epidemic should be addressed first?
second? third? fourth?
 Support your rankings with at least two pieces
of information from your readings
Bacteria Epidemic Jigsaw

Staple and turn in the following:
 Your
four paragraphs (all names, please)
 Answers to questions about each bacterial
disease (individual names, please)