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Transcript
Microbiology Primer YSU – Weapons of Mass Destruction Historical • • • • • • Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation 19th Century – Golden Age Germ Theory Pasteur Koch Lister Classification • • • • • Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Monera Comparison • Eucaryotic – – – – – Nuclear Membrane Diploid DNA Mitosis Organelles Present Simple Cell Wall • Procaryotic – – – – – No Nuclear Membrane Haploid No Mitosis Organelles Absent Complex Cell Membr. Procaryotic Organism Bacteria • 0.5-6 m (human hair is about 90 m) • Simple Stapylococcus is 1.2 m • Shape – Coccus – Bacillus – Spirillum – Spirochete Useful Bacteria • • • • Acetobacter – vinegar Lactobacilli – yogurt, cheese Actinomyces – antibiotics Others – Industrial alcohols, acids, enzymes, rubber and plastics Pathogenic Bacteria • • • • • • • • Grp A Strep B. pertussis S. aureus H. influenza Kl. pneumoniae L. pneumophila M. pneumoniae Salmonella typhi • • • • • • • • Plague Cholera Typhus Anthrax Q-Fever Clostridium Tularemia Glanders Bacteria • Group Patterns • Cell Membrane – Gram Positive – Gram Negative Bacteria • Endospores • Significance – Sporulation is important in Bacillus & Clostridium species. – Botulism disease – B. anthracis Bacteria Reproduction • • • • Binary fission Daughter cells Population doubles each generation Phase (important in disease) – Lag – Exponential – Stationary – Death Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Similar Organisms • Rickettsiae – Gram negative – Difficult to stain – Grow in living cells – Treatable with antibiotics – Q-Fever – Rocky Mt. Fever Viruses Modern antibiotics cannot “kill” viruses. In fact, questions still exist as to whether viruses are actually “alive”. Orthopox vaccinia Viruses Name that virus. . . . Viruses • • • • Submicroscopic 0.02 - 0.3 m Either DNA or RNA Glycoprotein envelope • Obligate parasite Rhinovirus 14 Viral Reproduction - RNA Poliovirus at 350K magnification • Replicates in cytoplasm • Capsid dissolves • RNA acts as messenger • Cell systems harnessed for replication Animal Cell Prions These are, in fact, incomplete shreds of protein whose origin are unknown. They can insert themselves into the genetic code of healthy cells. • BSE – 1986, also classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. • vCJD Other Organisms • Amoeba • Flagellates Protozoans (dinoflagellates) – paralytic shellfish poisoning • Plasmodium (malaria) Nutritional Patterns • Saprophytic – Live on dead organic material • Holozoic – Ingest solid food • Parasitic – Nutrients at expense of host • Obligate Parasite – Requires host for specific function Fungi • • • • • Saprophytic Some produce mycotoxins Coccidioides imitis Histoplasmosis Crypotcoccus neoformans Identification – Why is it difficult to monitor for bioterror real time? • • • • • Culture Gram Stain Direct Mount Enzymatic Identification Microscopy – PCM, Bright Light, Fluorescence • PCR Biological Toxins • S – Enterotoxin B • Botulinum toxin • Mycotoxin (Tricothecene or T2)
