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Agenda Week of December 6 December Chapter 5 December lab December December food webs December 6 – Housekeeping, Begin 7 – Take home test due, 8 – Holy Day – no school 9- Chapter 5 – creating 10 – Chapter 5 December 6 - Objectives Collect work from last week Discussion of projects Learn about energy transfer Learn about producers, consumers and decomposers What is this the recipe for and what is the missing ingredient? ½ bathtub full of oxygen 50 glasses of water ½ cup sugar ½ cup of calcium 1/10 thimbleful of salt Pinch of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium, iron Missing ingredient Discussion Questions How is energy transferred from one organism to another Why should forest rangers let some fires burn? Write down 3 plants or animals and the animals that eat them Write down any plants that eat animals Key Terms for Section 1 Photosynthesis Producer Consumer Decomposer Cellular respiration Food chain Food web Trophic level Chapter 5 How Ecosystems Work Energy Flow in Ecosystems Life depends on the sun The sun provides the energy for all living things Photosynthesis ↓ Energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O →C6H12O6 + 6O2 December 7 Objectives Define producers, consumers and decomposers Define food webs and food chains Compare cellular respiration to photosynthesis Producers Producers are plants. They are able to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis EXCEPTION: Bottom of ocean, no light Certain bacteria (thermaphiles) use hydrogen sulfide to make their own food Hydrogen sulfide escapes from hot cracks on ocean floor Creating food web activity Everyone takes 1 or 2 cards In large letters write the names of two plants or animals December 9 - Objectives Learn about cellular respiration and how it compares to photosynthesis Energy transfer and what it means to each level of the food pyramid Cellular Respiration Process of breaking food down which occurs inside cells (reverse of photosynthesis) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O +CO2 +energy Energy Transfer Organisms eating other organisms Food chains Food Webs Trophic levels Food Chain Sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to another Food Chain grassgrasshopper frog snake hawk Food Web – show many feeding relationships Identify the: • 1. Producers • 2. Primary Consumers • 3. Secondary Consumers • 4. Herbivores • 5. Carnivores • 6. Omnivores • 7. What elements are missing from this food web? Another Food Web Trophic Level Each step in the process of energy transfer Some energy is lost from one level to another 10% is available from one level to Human Diets Activity Group A – Determine the price per ounce of rice, dried beans, rolled oats Red Mill - $2.63 per lb; 9 cal per ½ oz Red Kidney Beans - $.99 per lb; 110 cal per 4.6 oz Rice - $6.99 per 20lb bag; 205 cal per 5.6oz Human Diets Determine the cost per ounce of beef, chicken and pork chops Beef = $1.99 per lb; 306 cal per 4oz Chicken = $1.69 per pound; 142 cal per 3 oz Pork chops = $1.99 per pound; 273 cal per 4oz Questions Determine the number of calories per oz and the cost per oz and the cost for one calorie of each item in your group. Let’s compare results What is the significance for humans? Final Food Web Look at your product. What is the source of your product? Let’s arrange the products into a food web. Section 2 Objective #1 Examine the Three Stages of the Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle Reusing and recycling on a global scale The Process … biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth Stage 1 Atmosphere Carbon exists in the Earth's atmosphere primarily as the gas carbon dioxide (CO2) Stage 2 Carbon is taken from the atmosphere in several ways: When the sun is shining, plants perform photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates Stage 2 Respiration performed by plants and animals. This is an exothermic reaction and it involves the breaking down of glucose Stage 3 Decay Fungi and bacteria break down the carbon compounds in dead animals and plants and convert the carbon to carbon dioxide Objective #2 how are humans affecting the Carbon cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8 rodj6rHmtg http://www.learningscience.org/esc3 bgeochemicalcycles.htm Ending the carbon cycle and Beginning the nitrogen cycle http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R 8-E6cDCr5U Objective #3 What are the stages of the Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen Cycle What is Nitrogen Most abundant element in earth’s atmosphere Nitrogen makes up 78% of the atmosphere Nitrogen cannot be directly absorbed by plants or animals…must be converted Necessary to build amino acids and proteins Component Input to soil Loss from soil The Nitrogen Cycle Atmospheric nitrogen Atmospheric fixation and deposition Industrial fixation (commercial fertilizers) Crop harvest Animal manures and biosolids Volatilization Plant residues Runoff and erosion Biological fixation by legume plants Plant uptake Denitrification Organic nitrogen Ammonium (NH+4) Nitrate (NO-3) Leaching How Does the Nitrogen Cycle Work? 1. Nitrogen Fixation Special bacteria (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) convert the atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia Nitrogen Fixation Nodules on plant roots 2. Nitrification Nitrification is the process by which the ammonia is converted into nitrate ions which can be used by plants as nutrients 3. Ammonification After all of the living organisms have used the nitrogen, decomposer bacteria convert the nitrogen rich waste compounds into simpler ones 4. Denitrification Bacteria convert the simple nitrogen compounds back into nitrogen gas which is then released back in the atmosphere http://www.learningscience.org/esc3 bgeochemicalcycles.htm Objective What are the stages of the phosphorus cycle Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous is an element that is part of many molecules that are part of the living cells P Cycle-movement of P from environment to organisms and back again Algal Bloom Excessive phosphorus or nitrogen causes a rapid and overabundant growth of algae Depletes oxygen Objective Fertilizers effect on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLC KfDXAnD8 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4l1 3UNQYik • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSv Huff0p48 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcDHZ7Z-hQ Section 3 Objective: List two examples of ecological succession Bell Ringer: Is our school experiencing ecological succession? Hallahan Area http://maps.google.com/maps/ms ?source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie =UTF8&hq=&hnear=311+N+19th +St,+Philadelphia,+Pennsylvania+ 19103&msa=0&msid=204501115 781842674804.00049910006ee55 4cb7ab&ll=39.959688,75.169487&spn=0.008043,0.0137 97&z=16 Discussion If the building were demolished in June and the area fenced, how would the area of Hallahan look in 1 month, 1 year, 5 years, 100 years? ***Ecological Succession Gradual process of change and replacement of the type of species in a community 2 Kinds of Succession ***Primary Succession – occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before…rocks, cliffs, sand dunes Rocks, cliffs, sand dunes More Common… ***Secondary Succession – occurs where an ecosystem has previously existed ***Secondary Succession Disturbed or disrupted by: 1. humans 2. animals 3. natural processes storms, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes ***Pioneer Species The first organisms to first colonize any newly available area Lichen or bacteria Soil Formation Lichen and bacteria break down the rock surface Mosses can now thrive Mosses decay adds nutrients to soil Climax Community Final and stable community Old Field Succession Occurs when farmland is abandoned Grasses and Weeds develop, Taller plants Small trees Forests Mt St Helens 1980 and Today http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F nDT_6V4qVw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B qZNF53EjM0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A V5J8qD2hpg