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TORTORA • FUNKE
• CASE
Microbiology
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 10, part A
Classification of Microorganisms
Taxonomy
• Taxonomy
– The science of classifying organisms
– Provides universal names for organisms
– Provides a reference for identifying
organisms
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Taxonomy
• Systematics or phylogeny
– The study of the evolutionary history of
organisms
• All Species Inventory (2001-2025)
– To identify all species of life on Earth
• Major task
Plant and
Animal Kingdoms
Taxonomy
Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom
Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria,
protozoa, algae, & fungi
• 1937
"Prokaryote" introduced for cells "without
a
nucleus"
• 1961
Prokaryote defined as cells in which
nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a
nuclear
membrane
• 1959
Kingdom Fungi
• 1968
Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed
• 1978
Two types of prokaryotic cells found
• 1735
• 1857
• 1866
The Three-Domain System
Table 10.1
The Three-Domain System
Figure 10.1
Table 10.2
Endosymbiotic Theory
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Scientific Names
Kbebsiella pneumoniae
Honors Edwin Klebs
Source of
Specific epithet
The disease
Pfiesteria piscicida
Honors Lois Pfiester
Disease in fish
Salmonella typhimurium
Honors Daniel Salmon
Stupor (typh-) in mice
(muri-)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Chains of cells (strepto-)
Forms pus (pyo-)
Penicillium notatum
Tuftlike (penicill-)
Spores spread in wind
(nota)
Trypanosoma cruzi
Corkscrew-like (trypano-,
borer; soma-body)
Honors Oswaldo Cruz
Scientific binomial
Source of Genus name
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Figure 10.5
Species Definition
• Eukaryotic species:
– A group of closely related organisms that breed among
themselves
• Prokaryotic species:
– A population of cells with similar characteristics
– Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell
– Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone
• Viral species:
– Population of viruses with similar characteristics that
occupies a particular ecological niche
Domain Eukarya
• Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls;
chemoheterotrophic
• Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls;
usually photoautotrophic
• Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or
multicellular; cell walls of chitin; develop from
spores or hyphal fragments
• Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms
that do not fit other kingdoms
Prokaryotes
Figure 10.6
References
•• Bergey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology
•Provides identification schemes
for identifying bacteria and
archaea
•• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology
•Provides phylogenetic
information on bacteria and
archaea
•Morphology, differential
staining, biochemical tests
•• Approved Lists of Bacterial
Names
•Lists species of known
prokaryotes
•Based on published articles
•Based on rRNA sequencing
• Morphological
Identification
characteristics:
Useful for
identifying
eukaryotes
• Differential
staining: Gram
staining, acidfast staining
• Biochemical
tests:
Determines
presence of
bacterial
Methods
Figure 10.8
Figure 10.7