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Kingdom Archaebactreria & Eubacteria formally (Prokaryota & Monera) Bacteria Ch 18.2 Prokaryotes = no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus or mitochondria) 6 Major Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eubacteria 1 cell, prokaryotes 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Planta 6. Animalia 1 cell, eukaryotes & algae Multicelled, absorptive feeders Muticelled, autotrophs Muticelled heterotrophs 1. 2. C. Three major differences between the 2 bacteria Kingdoms: (All are prokaryotes & One celled, Ubiquitous = found everywhere) Many biochemical differences Difference cell walls and lipid membranes Structure & functions of the of the archaebacteria are more similar to the Eukaryotes Bacteria Kingdom Characteristics: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Heterotrophs Extremists Parasites No free oxygen Saprobes Methane producers Nitrogen decomp. Phtotosynthetic Saline habitats autotrophs Hot sulfur springs Cyno-blue green Chemosynthetic IV 1.Penicillin Penicillin mold kills bacteria “Antibiotic” Alexander Fleming in 1928 Inhibits the growth of bacteria Macrophage (WBC) engulfs a bacterium in the immune system: Bacteria Structure: Classified by shape, size, staining, environment, & color Cynobacteria & Salmonella Autotroph Bacteria Flagellated Bacteria Spiral or spirilli) Spirochete Bacteria Round = Coccus and Rod = Bacillus Bacilli Tuberculosis Bacteria: Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection IV 3-4Bacteria reproduction: Sexual Conjugation Exchange of DNA Variety in Changing conditions Asexual Binary fission Mitosis Replicate Non-changing conditions IV 5. Aerobic Bacteria require oxygen & can make cavities! Anaerobic Bacteria live without oxygen, in our intestines & may be in polluted waters E. Coli from human feces Helpful in the intestines Harmful in other parts of the body IV 6. Endospores Dormant state No reproduction Metabolic activity is shut down Protects bacteria against hostile environments “Come back to life” when favorable Many organisms form spores: V. The 4 main functions of bacteria 1. 2. 3. 4. Nitrogen fixation Recycling of nutrients Food & medicines Bacteria cause diseases Nitrogen wastes are excreted & cycled by bacteria Nitrogen in Plant & animal protein Bacteria convert Ammonia to usable Nitrate fertilizer Ammonia nitrogen Is excreted in urine Making cheese & yogurt with bacteria Strep bacteria of Rheumatic Fever STD Eubacterium Virus Syphilis X X Chlamydeous X X Gonorrhea X x Herpes X X HIV X x Aids (death) no By common diseases When the immune system fails Cold x Flu x Strep throat x ?Life on Mars? This meteorite was probably blasted off of the surface of the planet Mars about 16 million years ago by an impact with an asteroid and travelled through space to the earth, where it landed on Antarctica about 13,000 years ago. Some scientists believe that the rod-shaped structures across the top and center of this image may be tiny fossilized bacteria. Many other scientists believe that the structures were formed by processes other than life. NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. "Martian Meteorite ALH84001," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Bacteria cultures: Inoculate = to place Agar = culture medium (nutrients) One colony (circle)= billions of bacteria A colony begins from one bacterium Incubate at 37oC= body temperature DO NOT OPEN THE PLATES AFTER INCUBATION! Bactericide test strip: 1. 2. 3. Kills germs! Versus Bactericide? Antibiotic? Mouth wash Neosporin Cleaning agents 2. Your choice 3. Your choice 4. Saliva Plate 1 = control at my desk 5. Saliva plus “Bactericide” Summary Questions: 6. View under higher magnification with stains for specific types of bacteria 7. Classified by shape: a. round = cocci b. rods = bacilli c. spiral = spirilli Genetic Engineering of Insulin Restriction Enzymes:Made by some Bacteria Warts are a skin virus! Plant peach virus Polio virus Herpes mouth virus: Rabies Virus Hepatitis B virus (Liver) Virus structure: Protein Coat DNA or RNA for replication Adsorbtion site Host specific HIV virus structure: Cow pox vaccination 1749 Acquired Immunization Artificial injection of a small amount of virus Body’s immune response makes antibodies Chicken Pox Virus Viral Replication: Bacteriophage Bacteria “eating” virus Virus uses the bacteria as a host For Viral replication Lytic Cycle (Replication) of a Virus - “AVIRAL” 1. Adsorption of virus onto the host 3. Replication of Viral DNA 4. Assembly of protein coat 2. Insertion of Virus DNA into host cell 5.Lysis of Host cell Membrane & release Of virus Transduction: Viral DNA becomes inserted Into the Bacteria DNA (1/100,000) HIV Virus HIV virus infects T-cells HIV virus Weakens the immune system AIDS patients die of “common” diseases when T cell (WBC) count falls AIDS = break down of the immune system & death due to common diseases versus death by AIDS virus