Download Monera Kingdom

Kingdom Archaebactreria &
Eubacteria formally
(Prokaryota & Monera)
Bacteria Ch 18.2
Prokaryotes = no membrane
bound organelles (no nucleus
or mitochondria)
6 Major Kingdoms:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria

1 cell, prokaryotes
3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. Planta

6. Animalia

1 cell, eukaryotes &
algae
Multicelled, absorptive
feeders
Muticelled,
autotrophs
Muticelled
heterotrophs
1.
2.
C. Three major differences between
the 2 bacteria Kingdoms:
(All are prokaryotes & One celled,
Ubiquitous = found everywhere)



Many biochemical differences
Difference cell walls and lipid
membranes
Structure & functions of the of the
archaebacteria are more similar to the
Eukaryotes
Bacteria Kingdom Characteristics:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
 Heterotrophs
 Extremists
 Parasites
 No free oxygen
 Saprobes
 Methane producers  Nitrogen decomp.
 Phtotosynthetic
 Saline habitats
autotrophs
 Hot sulfur springs
 Cyno-blue green
 Chemosynthetic
IV 1.Penicillin
Penicillin mold kills bacteria
“Antibiotic”
 Alexander
Fleming in 1928
 Inhibits the
growth of
bacteria

Macrophage (WBC) engulfs a
bacterium in the immune system:
Bacteria Structure:
Classified by shape, size,
staining, environment, & color
Cynobacteria & Salmonella
Autotroph Bacteria
Flagellated Bacteria
Spiral or spirilli)
Spirochete Bacteria
Round = Coccus
and Rod = Bacillus
Bacilli Tuberculosis Bacteria:
Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection
IV 3-4Bacteria reproduction:
Sexual
 Conjugation
 Exchange of
DNA
 Variety in
 Changing
conditions
Asexual
 Binary fission
 Mitosis
 Replicate
 Non-changing
conditions
IV 5. Aerobic Bacteria require
oxygen & can make cavities!
Anaerobic Bacteria live without oxygen, in
our intestines & may be in polluted waters
 E.
Coli from
human feces
 Helpful in the
intestines
 Harmful in
other parts of
the body
IV 6. Endospores
 Dormant
state
 No reproduction
 Metabolic activity is shut down
 Protects bacteria against
hostile environments
 “Come back to life” when
favorable
Many organisms form spores:
V. The 4 main functions of bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
Nitrogen fixation
Recycling of nutrients
Food & medicines
Bacteria cause diseases
Nitrogen wastes are excreted &
cycled by bacteria
Nitrogen in
Plant & animal
protein
Bacteria convert
Ammonia to usable
Nitrate fertilizer
Ammonia nitrogen
Is excreted in urine
Making cheese & yogurt with bacteria
Strep bacteria of Rheumatic Fever
STD
Eubacterium
Virus
Syphilis
X
X
Chlamydeous
X
X
Gonorrhea
X
x
Herpes
X
X
HIV
X
x
Aids (death)
no
By common diseases
When the immune system
fails
Cold
x
Flu
x
Strep throat
x
?Life on Mars?
This meteorite was probably blasted off of the
surface of the planet Mars about 16 million
years ago by an impact with an asteroid and
travelled through space to the earth, where it
landed on Antarctica about 13,000 years ago.
Some scientists believe that the rod-shaped
structures across the top and center of this
image may be tiny fossilized bacteria. Many
other scientists believe that the structures were
formed by processes other than life.
NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.
"Martian Meteorite ALH84001," Microsoft® Encarta®
Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.
Bacteria cultures:






Inoculate = to place
Agar = culture
medium (nutrients)
One colony (circle)=
billions of bacteria
A colony begins from
one bacterium
Incubate at 37oC=
body temperature
DO NOT OPEN THE
PLATES AFTER
INCUBATION!
Bactericide test strip:



1.
2.
3.
Kills germs!
Versus
Bactericide?
Antibiotic?
Mouth wash
Neosporin
Cleaning agents
2. Your choice 3. Your choice
4. Saliva
Plate 1 = control at my desk
5. Saliva plus
“Bactericide”
Summary Questions:
6. View under higher
magnification with
stains for specific
types of bacteria
7. Classified by
shape:
a. round = cocci
b. rods = bacilli
c. spiral = spirilli
Genetic Engineering of Insulin
Restriction Enzymes:Made by some Bacteria
Warts are a skin virus!
Plant peach virus
Polio virus
Herpes mouth virus:
Rabies Virus
Hepatitis B virus (Liver)
Virus structure:




Protein
Coat
DNA or
RNA for
replication
Adsorbtion site
Host
specific
HIV virus structure:
Cow pox vaccination 1749



Acquired
Immunization
Artificial
injection of a
small amount
of virus
Body’s immune
response
makes
antibodies
Chicken Pox Virus
Viral Replication:
Bacteriophage
 Bacteria
“eating” virus
 Virus uses the
bacteria as a
host
 For Viral
replication
Lytic Cycle (Replication) of a
Virus - “AVIRAL”
1. Adsorption of virus
onto the host
3. Replication of
Viral DNA
4. Assembly of
protein coat
2. Insertion of
Virus DNA
into host cell
5.Lysis of
Host cell
Membrane
& release
Of virus
Transduction:
Viral DNA becomes inserted
Into the Bacteria DNA (1/100,000)
HIV Virus
HIV virus infects T-cells


HIV virus
Weakens the
immune
system
AIDS patients
die of
“common”
diseases
when T cell
(WBC) count
falls
AIDS = break down of the immune
system & death due to common
diseases versus death by AIDS virus