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Classification • Grouping of objects or information based on similarities • Taxonomy: branch of biology concerned with grouping and naming organisms Aristotle’s System • 384 B.C. – 322 B.C. • First method of classification • Two major groups –Plants –Animals • Grouped according to where they lived- water, land, air Linnaeus’ System • Century • System still used today • Physical characteristics determine classification • Evolutionary relationships also considered th 18 Binomial Nomenclature Scientific Names Genus and Species • Genus: group of closely related species • Species: descriptive of that organism Taxonomy • Provides framework of logic and order so that relationships among living things can be seen easily • Useful tool How living things are classified • Series of categories: taxa • Fit together like nested boxes Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo Sapien Organisms are grouped into Kingdoms • Based on: –Cell type –Cell construction –Body type –Method for obtaining nutrition How are Relationships Determined? • Similarities in structure, development, chemistry and behavior • Evolutionary relationships are revealed by using these features of classification Phylogeny • The evolutionary history of a species • Organisms belonging to the same group can be expected to share the same characteristics –Example: cats and retractile claws Scientific Names • In Latin: no longer spoken, therefore doesn’t change • Allows scientists to speak universally about animals The SIX Kingdoms Section 18-3 DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN EUKARYA Kingdoms DOMAIN BACTERIA Go to Section: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Section 18-3 Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria CELL TYPE Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular Multicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS Go to Section: Eukarya Monerans • Now divided into two kingdoms: bacteria and archaea • All prokaryotes • Microscopic • Mostly unicellular • First appeared in fossil records about 3.5 billion years ago • More than 10,000 species Protists • Eukaryotic • Unicellular or multicellular • Diverse • Lacks complex organ systems • Lives in moist environments • First appeared in fossil records about 1 billion years ago • Up to 200,000 species Fungi • Eukaryotes • Unicellular or multicellular • Heterotrophs • Stationary • First appeared in fossil record about 400 million years ago • 100,000 + species Plants • • • • • • • Eukaryote Multicellular Stationary Photosynthesize Cellulose cell walls Organ systems First appeared in fossil record about 400 million years ago • Half a million species so far identified Animals • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Consumers • No cell walls • Organ systems • Able to move • First appeared in fossil records about 700 million years ago