Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chapter 17 – Organizing Life’s Diversity I. Classification – grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria; 2 scientists A. Aristotle (394-322 B.C.): Greek philosopher who grouped organisms as either plants or animals B. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) – Swedish naturalist who grouped organisms based on morphology, behavior, & habitat 1. II. Taxonomy – branch of Biology where species are identified, named, & classified based on natural relationships Binomial Nomenclature – a system that gives each species a scientific name that has 2 parts A. 1st part: genus name; capitalized 2nd part: specific epithet/name; it IDs the species; lowercased B. Writing Scientific names 1. italicized when typed: Homo sapiens 2. in handwriting: Homo sapiens C. Latin is the language of Binomial Nomenclature – why? It is no longer used in conversation and, therefore, does not change D. Common names are confusing & vary in use 1. 2. 3. A starfish isn’t a fish A sea horse is a fish, not a horse Sea cucumbers are not plants III. Taxonomic Categories – these are a nested, hierarchical system, where each category is contained within another from broadest to most specific A. The broader the characteristics, the more species the taxon contains 1. Species – smallest taxon; organisms that are able to interbreed & produce fertile offspring in a natural setting 2. Genus – group of species that are closely related & share a common ancestor 3. Family – group of similar, related genera (plural of genus) 4. Order – group of related families 5. Class – group of related orders 6. Phylum / Division – group of related classes 7. Kingdom – group of related phyla/divisions 8. Domain – largest taxon; group of related Kingdoms B. Example in Humans: Taxon Name Shared with? D-Dear Eukarya all other organisms w/ nuclei & organelles in their cells K-King Animalia all other animals P-Phillip Chordata with a spinal cord C-Came Mammalia O-Over Primate F-For G-Good S-Spaghetti hairy; young are fed milk opposable thumbs Hominidae primates w/ social skills & complex intelligence Homo all humans, including those that are extinct sapiens us – the only humans alive C. Dichotomous Key – a key made up of sets of numbered yes/no statements 1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has purple colored body ..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs .....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus octagis 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpis Does not have a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears .........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears ......Deerus deafus IV. Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of a species, based on characters (inherited, varied features) A. Morphological – similar parts suggest a relationship beaks of Galapagos finches bones in vertebrate limbs B. Biochemical – similar amino acids & nucleotides in DNA suggest a relationship 1. Cauliflower & Broccoli look different, but have almost identical DNA (mustard) C. Cladogram – a branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group D. The 3 Domains w/ 6 Kingdoms – differ in cell type & structure (pg. 502) Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Eukarya Kingdom Characteristics (Eu)Bacteria cell walls w/ peptidoglycan, unicellular Archaea(bacteria) cell walls w/o PG, unicellular Autotrophs OR Heterotrophs Prokaryotes Domain Protista cell walls w/ cellulose in some, unicellular or multicellular Fungi cell walls w/ chitin, mostly multicellular, heterotrophs Plantae cell walls w/ cellulose, multicellular, autotrophs Animalia no cell walls, multicellular, heterotrophs Evolution of the 6 Kingdoms of Life Newer, More Complex Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista Bacteria Archaea Older, Less Complex Common Ancestor The 6 Kingdoms of Life