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Transcript
Bacteria Chapter 23 Intro To Bacteria Video - (0:001:05 and 2:55-end) Bacterial Classification Section 23.1 REVIEW: All Bacteria are Prokaryotes Prokaryotes: Eukaryotes: “Before nucleus” “True nucleus” No nucleus Have nucleus No membrane bound organelles Have membrane bound organelles Two Domains of Bacteria 1. 1. DIFFERENCES BASED UPON RNA MAKEUP Domain Bacteria 2. Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria More related to eukaryotes based upon rRNA & gene comparison 1. Domain Archaea Lack peptidoglycan (protein-carbohydrate compound) in cell wall Usually located in extreme conditions like: swamps, salt lakes, and hot springs Three main types: A. Methanogens B. Extreme halophlies C. Thermoacidophiles Pyrodictium occultum is a marine organism commonly found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. A. Methanogens Energy source: from converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas. Live in areas absent of oxygen like swamps, sewage, and intestinal tract Gas build up is released as a fart B. Extreme Halophiles Salt loving bacteria Location: anywhere there is a high salt concentrations like the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea. Energy source: salt need for them to make ATP C. Thermoacidophiles As their name suggests, these like it hot and acidic They are found in such places as acidic sulfur springs ,undersea vents (smokers) and volcanoes. 2. Domain Bacteria Most abundant domain! Examples of eubacteria are: salmonella Escherichia coli (E. coli) treponema (syphilis) borrelia (lyme disease) Cell phone bacterial video Identifying Bacteria: 1. Shape A. B. C. Bacilla (rod-shaped) Spirilla (spiral-shaped) Cocci (sphere-shaped) Are they always alone? Nope! cocci are known for living in groups: • Streptococci (cocci in chains) • Staphylococci (cocci in clusters) 1. 2. Shape Gram Stains: Bacteria turn red or purple depending on the makeup of their cell walls. + Gram-positive: (purple) (Simple cell wall with lots of peptoglycan) - Gram-negative: (red) (Complex cell wall with little peptoglycan) 3. Classifying bacteria by what they need… 1. Energy: Phototrophs – energy from sun Chemotrophs – energy from other organisms 2. Carbon: Heterotrophs – gets carbon from other sources Autotrophs – carbon from CO2 or other gasses Ridiculously Long Words: Photoheterotroph Chemoheterotroph Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph 4. Oxygen or not? THINK OBLIGATION Obligate Aerobes O 2 Facultative Anaerobes idc. Obligate Anaerobes O 2 Practice… Please classify these specimens according to: 1. Shape 2. Gram-Stain 3. Energy/Carbon needs 4. Oxygen Preference Specimen A: This bacteria is rodshaped, colored purple when Gram-stained, gets both its energy and Carbon from a host organism that it infects, and cannot live in the presence of oxygen. • Specimen B: This bacteria is round, but found in chains. It turns red in a Gram-stain, and gets its energy from the sun, and carbon from gas in the atmosphere. It cannot live without oxygen. Bacterial Groups (that you DO need to know!) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proteobacteria Gram-Positive Bacteria Cyanobacteria Spriochetes Chlamydia 1. Proteobacteria Largest and most diverse group Many live symbiotically with other organisms Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Some cause diseases Rocky Mountain spotted fever Stomach ulcers Foodborne illnesses 2. Gram-Positive Bacteria Some cause diseases Strep throat Botulism (Botox) Anthrax TB Leprosy A few make antibiotics that kill other bacteria 3. Cyanobacteria Undergo photosynthesis for energy Simplest life requirements First oxygen-producing organisms on Earth! 4. Spirochetes Gram-negative Spiral-shaped bacteria Examples: syphilis & Lyme disease 5. Chlamydia Gram-negative Coccoid shaped, no peptidoglycan Causes a STD that lives inside animals Biology of Prokaryotes Section 23.2 Bacterial Structures Most bacteria are composed of the following parts: Outer cell wall Cell membrane Internal foldings = thylakoids (photosynthesis) Cytoplasm Ribosomes DNA Small molecules and ions Endospores Can form in gram + bacteria Thick-coated, resistant structures Form when environmental conditions are poor Resistant to high temp, strong chemicals, radiation, drying, etc. Prokaryotic Movement Taxis: movement toward or away from stimuli Chemotaxis: chemical stimuli Physical movement aided by flagella or slime Patterns of movement: wave-like contractions or corkscrew rotation How do bacteria reproduce? Asexually via…. Binary fission Budding permits the development of more complex colonial structures Budding Binary fission Genetic Recombination Three ways that bacteria can exchange and acquire new combinations of DNA 1. Transformation 2. Conjugation 3. Transduction 1. Transformation When a bacteria takes on DNA from its external environment. Then this new DNA is substituted into the bacterial DNA 2. Conjugation When two bacterium bind together and one bacterium transfers genetic information to the other. DNA channeled through the sex pilus 3. Transduction Steps: 1. Virus obtains a fragment of bacteria DNA from its host 2. Virus multiplies inside host (replicating the bacterial DNA as well) 3. Virus breaks out of host cell and invades new bacteria 4. New bacterial host will get old host’s DNA via the virus Know these parts of the bacteria! Cell Wall Outer Membrane Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Chromosome Plasmid Capsule & Slime Layer Endospore Pilus Flagellum Click above for more info! p . 4 6 8 Bacteria and Humans Section 23.3 Bacterial Diseases Pathology – The study of diseases Pathogens – anything that causes disease Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protists Cholera attacking a cell Bacterial Poisons Toxins – bacterial poisons that cause disease 1. Exotoxins – made up of proteins Secreted by the gram + bacteria to surroundings Example: tetanus 2. Endotoxins – made up of lipids and carbs. Released by dead gram – bacteria Cause fever, body ache, weakness, and damage How to treat diseases… Antibiotics – fungi or bacteria that combat infection by interfering with various cellular functions May lead to Antibiotic Resistance Caused by not taking full dose of antibiotics = 1 day to die = 4 days to die = 2 days to die = 6 days to die Initial infection After 1 day w/ antibiotics After 3 days w/ antibiotics Emerging Infection Diseases Zoonosis: a disease that passes from wild animals to humans Increase due to global travel of humans & destruction of natural habitat Example: Lyme disease Other examples Useful Bacteria to Humans Break down wastes Recycle compounds from dead organisms Create organic compounds Food production (buttermilk, sour cream, yogurt, cottage cheese, sauerkraut, pickles) Produce fuels In insecticides Bioremdiation: break down pollutants Video