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CHAPTER 17: ORGANIZING LIFE’S DIVERSITY BIOLOGY NOTEBOOK #45 COPY 1 17.1 HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION • Classification: grouping of objects/organisms based on set of criteria…shape, color, food, ect. • Aristotle’s system: classified organisms as plants (herbs, shrub, or tree) or animals (bloodless or red-blooded) • Linnaeus’s system: used taxonomy – discipline concerned with identifying, naming, and classifying species based on natural relationships – Birds: bird of prey, wading, or perching COPY 2 • Binomial Nomenclature: gives each species a scientific name that has two parts • FIRST - GENUS NAME • SECOND - SPECIES NAME • Latin is the language used for binomial nomenclature since it is an unchanging language • Only the first letter of the genus name is capitalized…it should be italicized or underlined • Homo sapiens - human COPY 3 TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES • Taxon: (TAXA)named group of organisms… range from broad to specific characteristics per category….The more characteristics in a taxa the more species in the group • Genus: group of species that are closely related and share common ancestor • LOOK AT PICTURES PG 487 COPY 4 • Family: consists of similar, related genus groups • Ursidae: all bears, living and non-living, belong in this family COPY 5 HIGHER TAXA • • • • • Order: contains related families Class: contains related orders Phylum: contains related classes Kingdom: contains related phyla Domain: broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms • SEE CHART PG 488 COPY 6 SPECIES CONCEPTS • Typological species concept: each species is distinctly different groups based on physical likeness…based on idea that species are unchanging, distinct and natural types • Type species was individual that best displayed the characteristics of the species… any varied individuals were considered new species COPY 7 • Biological species concept: redefined the term ‘species’ to a group of organisms that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring – LIMITATIONS: wolves and dogs – different species that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring • Phylogenetic species concept: considers the evolutionary history of a species.. Defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows ancestry and descent. COPY 8 CHARACTERS • Morphological: BIRDS AND DINOSAURS – large hollow spaces… hip, leg, wrist and shoulder structures that are similar…some dinosaurs even had feathers • Biochemical: amino acids and nucleotides to determine evolutionary relationships…# of chromosomes is also a huge clue…ALL PRIMATES (chimps, apes, humans…very close DNA relationship) COPY 9 CLADOGRAMS • 2 species identified…another species that is ancestral to the first to is identified (outgroup) • Outgroup has more ancestral characteristics than other species • CLADOGRAM IS THEN CONSTRUCTED BY SEQUENCING THE ORDER IN WHICH DERIVED CHARACTERS EVOLVED WITH RESPECT TO THE OUTGROUP SPECIES. • PG 496 AND 497 COPY 10 17.3 DOMAINS AND KINGDOMS • Domain Bacteria: contains prokaryotes.. Eubacteria..diverse group that can survive many environments (aerobic and anaerobic) • Domain Archaea: contain most ancient of bacteria, but are more closely related to eukaryotes…extremophiles: can live in extreme environments…boiling, freezing, salty • Domain Eukarya: contains all organisms that are multicellular with membrane bound organelles and nuclei COPY 11 KINGDOMS • Eubacteria: found in domain bacteria… prokaryotes • Archaea: most are heterotrophic and can live in very extreme conditions… with/without air, boiling hot, below freezing, extreme salt • Protista: eukaryotes…no organs… do not fit any other kingdom…3 MAIN GROUPS – Plantlike: algae..autotrophs – Animal-like: protozoans...amoebas..heterotrphs – Fungus-like: Euglenoids..slime molds/mildews.. both plant and animal characteristics COPY 12 COPY 13 MORE KINGDOMS • Fungi: fungus…mushrooms…heterotrophs..can’t move • Plantae: more than 250,000 species…most are autotrophic (photosynthesis)…some heterotrophs • Animalia: more than 1 million species…all heterotrophic…most can move on their own • Viruses: non-cellular organism…not considered to be living..not found in biological classification system • USE CHART ON PG 502 TO HELP STUDY !!! COPY 14 COPY 15