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Electronics - Revision 1. Copy and complete the three blocks which make up an electronic system. 2. In electronics, it is the voltage that is important. Draw voltage time graphs for analogue and digital systems. 3. Draw a block diagram for a public address system. 4. Why do we need an amplifier in the system ? 5. What is the voltage gain of an amplifier ? 6. What is the gain of an amplifier which has input voltage of 2V and output voltage of 8V ? 7. What does an amplifier do to the frequency of the signal ? Tutorial Questions page 72 Qu 1 to 6 Operational amplifiers (op amps) are multistage amplifiers and can give high gain with very little distortion. Fortunately we don’t have to know how they operate – just how they can be used. Circuit symbol Inverting input _ Non-inverting input + output Connecting the power supply 2 x 9V batteries Vout Adjust the offset control until Vout = 0 this balances the batteries The Op Amp – Inverting Mode, d.c. Vo V1 +Vsupply Rf Feedback resistor R1 - V1 0V + Vo The Op Amp – Inverting Mode, d.c. Vo V1 V1(V) VO(V) Vgain Rf/R1 R1() Rf () 100k 100k 0.5 10k 100k 0.5 100k 10k 0.5 100k 1M 0.5 1M 100k 0.5 10k 1M 0.5 Op Amp in inverting mode Vo = - Rf V1 R1 Tutorial Questions page 74 Qu 9 Revision Ex 5.1 Uses of an op amp in inverting mode Inverting (changing +/-) Multiplication (amplifying) Addition Binary/digital converter Making square waves Tutorial question p73 Qu 8, 10 to15 Revision Ex 5.2 and 5.3 Try the experiments showing these. Op Amp Differential Mode R1 Rf V out R2 +Vsupply Rf +Vsupply R1 - V2 V1 R2 + R3 Vo R1 = R2 = R3 = Rf = 10k V1 V2 Vo 0.6 0.4 - 0.2 1.0 0.4 -0.6 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.4 1.8 0.6 -1.2 Vo = V2 – V1 R1 = R2 = 10k Rf = R3 = 100k V1 V2 1.0 1.1 2.0 2.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 Vo Op amp in the differential mode. For higher Rf R3 Vo = (V2 – V1) Rf R1 R2 R1 The op amp finds the difference between the two inputs ie subtracts them. It then amplifies this difference. Tutorial questions p 76 Qus 16 to 21 Rev Qus Ex 5.4 and 5.6 b NPN transistor c connected to +Vs I +0.7 V e at 0V b base c collector e emmitter PNP Transistor c connected to - Vs b I - 0.7V e at 0V