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What Do Anthros Do? One way to describe anthropology is to describe some things anthropologists do. Traditionally, the things they do have been divided into: PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Physical Anthropometry Osteology Primatology Human Genetics Anthropometry One of the earliest specialties In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropometry was a It awas during thiscalled period that many anthropologists were interested in In pseudoscience phrenology, pseudoscience used mainly to classify potential criminals by facial populations such as the native Tasmanians….They were interested in Concerned empirical Franz-Joseph Gall (1758 with -1828) and characteristics. For example, the work of Eugene Vidocq, which his followers what identified mental and to be “living fossils”. measuring they37considered description of many aspects identifies criminals by facial characteristics, is still used nearly a moral faculties which they thought were represented in the exterior in France. century after itsof introduction the human physical surface the skull. The main of result of Gall's theory Thea most infamous useskull, of anthropometry was by the Nazis, whose was kind of chart of the These faculties were divided into which mapped the regions where Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare several spheres: intellectual, the bumps and depressions related of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis recommended classification perceptiveness,the mental energy, moral to the 37 faculties could be faculties, love, etc. of Most the and other physical features. Craniometric of measurements theofskull Today, anthropometry has limned human physical variation, palpated, measured and diagnosed. faculties dealt with abstract and hard-The Nazis set up certification certification was benign required by law. This washas a marvelous device for and many practical to-define personality traits, such as applications. For example, it practicioners, and was their widelyracial used. policies. Not measuring up meant denial institutes to assess further is used to nutritional status, to monitor the growth of firmness, approbativeness, of permission to marryhuman or work, and forand many it meant the of death cautiousness, children, to marvelousness, identify remains, forms the basis eventuality, spirituality, veneration, camps. ergonomics. amativeness. etc. condition….. Never a good source of theory…has height; weight; skin pigmentation; skull been mainly descriptive…important shape; girth; ratios part of modern scienceofofmeasurements, ergonomics. i.e. the Cephalic Index. Osteology Why study bones? Long such isas the Oftenbones the question asked "Why study bones?" A few of the more Study of bone….in anthropology with Now recognized in prevention of to osteoporosis tibia grow the(shinbone) way a tree obvious reasons are listed below. Tibia provides a model illustrate emphasis onknowledge primates of osteology Until recently our has grows…thatThey isthe from the and in identification human constitute theof evidence for theof study of fossilremains. man. process bone development: relatively ignored ends. UsingThey databeen from (i.e. Clyde and classification Forensic Anthropology) are the basisSnow of racial in prehistory. various bones, it is possible They are theof means of biological comparison of prehistoric Bones are the framework the vertebrate body and thus contain much to determinepeoples with some with the present living descendents. information about man'ssuch adaptive mechanisms to his environment. The degree of confidence study of evolution essentially would be impossible if bones were They bear witness toof burial and thus give evidence At birth, human skeleton ispatterns very small and only There are two kinds bone cells….essentially hard, things as the approximate eliminated as for a source of data. Inworld summary, answer isbones that bones the calcified….the culture and view the of the people studied. partially skull and other such as outer bone cells that overlap one another, and a soft, age, sex, population group, often survive the process of decay and provide the main evidence for the They form the bone major source of information onalong ancient the tibia consist of a cartilaginous model, and proceed spongy interior whose cells develop represented. Based on human form after death. Skeletal evidence also has the potential tostress diseases as andcalcification often give clues as to the causes of death. to harden proceeds with age. provide information on prehistoric customs diseases. lines andalone, provide housing forand marrow. skeletal material identification often helps solve forensic cases. positive I.D.Their is rare. Primatology Study of Primates Before the 1930’s knowledge of free ranging primates was riddled with “sea stories.” Early studies included: Clarence Ray Carpenter’s studies of Howler Monkeys on Barrio Colorado Harold Bingham’s studies of the Mountain Gorilla. island in the Panama Canal Zone. These were essentially studies in comparative psychology that employed anthropological field techniques….These studies were interrupted by WWII. Primatology Among After the these warwere: studies of free ranging primates were resumed with renewed vigor. Jane Goodall’s studies among the Chimpanzees of the Gombe Stream Preserve in NE Tanzania. Sigourney Weaver, who played Diane Fossey in the Dian Fossey’s studies movie this Gorillas in thevid Mist, featured an Animal Watch YouTube in is which JaneinGoodall addresses ofspecial: Mountain Gorillas in Planet the question: “What separates us from the apes?” Volcanic WhenRuwanda’s the television special, Gorillas Revisited, was Park.stunned when she returned to aired,National Weaver was Rwanda, where she filmed GORILLAS IN THE MIST, because the gorillas from the movie remembered who she was. Human Genetics Basic Biology Two types of cells: body (somatic) cells and sex cells (gametes) Human body cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (diploid cells). Human sex cells have half of each pair (haploid cells). Human Genetics Basic Biology When male and female gametes are combined, the The term GENOTYPE refers to normally the actual result, a zygote, genetic composition of the person while develops into with a human the way a person develops interaction with the environment is called being through interaction the PHENOTYPE. with the environment. Human Genetics aka Population Genetics (Microevolution) Species Largest set of individuals who can mate with one another with genetically viable offspring as a result. Human Genetics aka Population Genetics (Microevolution) Population (Mendelian population; breeding population) Set of individuals who mate with one another more often than with others. Human Genetics Barriers that divide species into populations: Geographic barriers Temporal barriers Psychological barriers Sociocultural barriers Human Genetics The total genetic material of a population is the Gene Pool of that population. Evolution is operationally defined as change in the composition of a gene pool. Human Genetics Processes that effect changes in composition of gene pools: Genetic Drift/Sewell Wright Effect (founder’s principle is related) Natural Selection (i.e. H.B.D. Kettlewell’s pepperback moth study) Mutation Cross breeding EvoDevo (Evolutionary Development A number of problems in macroevolution that have not been successfully addressed by microevolution are now being addressed by molecular geneticists in the field of evolutionary development (EvoDevo). EvoDevo demonstrates that evolution alters developmental and networks) The field of processes “EvoDevo”,(genes looking at gene development from to create new and novel structures from the old gene an evolutionary standpoint, has provided a great deal of networksin(such asyears bone particularly structures of jaw to information recent inthe regard deviating to ossicles of structures. the middle The ear).discovery of a development of the complex body set Wikipedia: of control genes, referred to as the homeotic genes, has http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_develop allowed scientists to understand how complex body plans are mental_biology initially laid out in embryonic stages. The homeotic genes are a suite of genes found in animals that determine the axes of embryos, then control how embryos are divided into segments, and initiate the development of appropriate body parts in each segment. This system is interesting because it answers so many developmental questions and also because it provides a reasonable method for development of radically different body plans.