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BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW Eukaryotic cells WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CELLS? •true nucleus and organelles •plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotes Prokaryotic cells •lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles •bacteria WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF • Cell membrane -passage of materials CELLS? into and out of the cell • • • • • • Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA Nucleolus – produces ribosomes Mitochondria- cell energy Ribosome- protein synthesis Vacuole- cell storage Lysosome- cell digestion WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS? (CONTINUED) • Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis • Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion • Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall • Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis • Centrioles (animals only) - cell division • Cilia – short hair like structures • Flagella – long whip like tails THE CELL - ANIMAL THE CELL - PLANT WHAT IS THE CELL • All organisms are made up of one or moreTHEORY? cells. • The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms. • All cells come from other cells all ready in existence. • Cell HOW ARE CELLS ORGANIZED? • Tissue – functioning group of cells • Organ – functioning group of tissues • Organ System – functioning group of organs • Organism – functioning group of organ systems WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? • Homeostasis • Steady State • Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment HOW DO CELLS • Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration TRANSPORT MATERIALS? to a lower concentration • Hypertonic • Hypotonic • Isotonic • Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS? • Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy • Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion • Active Transport requires energy • Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis WHAT ARE THE CHEMICALS OF LIFE? Elements Carbohydrates C,H,O C,H,O,N,S C,H,O,N,P Nucleotides C,H,O Ex-butter, oil Proteins Ex-meat, cheese Nucleic Acids Ex-DNA,RNA Uses MonoEnergy saccharides Fatty Acids Energy & glycerol Amino Acids Structure, Ex-sugar,starch Lipids Building Blocks growth & repair Genetic Information WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? • 6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Occurs in chloroplasts • Two parts: • Light reaction • Calvin cycle (dark reaction) WHERE DOES A CELL GET ENERGY? • Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. • Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) . WHAT IS RESPIRATION? • The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy • Occurs in the mitochondria • Two types: • Aerobic – requires oxygen • Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy • Inseparable cycles PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE? The Cell Cycle Interphase Mitosis PMAT Cytokinesis Somatic Cells HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE? Reproductive Cells ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual • Diploid cells produced by mitosis, binary fission • Identical copy produced Sexual •Gametes, haploid cells, produced by meiosis •Gametes combine during fertilization to produce diploid cell •First diploid cell known as a zygote •Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis •Infinite possibilities WHAT IS DNA? • DNA - blueprint for life • Double helix • Nucleotides are the building blocks • Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and • 4 bases: • Adenine - Thymine • Cytosine – Guanine • Copies itself by Replication DNA HOW ARE DNA & RNA DIFFERENT? • Deoxyribose • Thymine • Double stranded • Found only in nucleus RNA • Ribose • Uracil • Single stranded HOW DOES DNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS? • Transcription • mRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus • Translation • Forms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence CONTROL HEREDITY AND GENETICS •A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s color may be red of white (trait). •An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene. •Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS. •Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS. •A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype •A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd). •PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks. •GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism. HEREDITY AND GENETICS • A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a male and a female reproduce. MENDEL’S LAWS • Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others • Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele • Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm HOW DO MUTATIONS OCCUR? • Gene mutations – affect individual genes • Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different amino acid • Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different amino acid chain • Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosome • • • • Duplication – extra chromosome Deletion – missing chromosome Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to another pair DNA IN FORENSICS, MEDICINE, AND AGRICULTURE • Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification • Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy • Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output EVOLUTION – DARWIN’S THEORY • Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest • Evidence • • • • • • • Fossil record Antibiotic resistance Adaptations Vestigial organs Homologous structures Embryonic development Genetic makeup •Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up •Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy •Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species •Aristotle first classified plants and animals •Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today TAXONOMY THE EVOLUTION OF THE SIX KINGDOMS • Eubacteria – the earliest • Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes • Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista • Fungi – decomposers • Plantae – producers • Animalia – Invertebrates & Vertebrates THE SIX KINGDOMS ECOLOGY Individual Population Ecosystem WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF Population – group of aECOLOGY? single species living in the same place Communities - group of interacting populations Ecosystem – the community and its environment Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities Biosphere – the circle of life WHAT DETERMINES A TERRESTRIAL BIOME? • Climate – temperature and rainfall • 6 major biomes • • • • • • Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest WHAT DETERMINES AN AQUATIC BIOME? • Amount of light, oxygen and salinity • Lakes • Ponds • Wetlands • Marshes • Swamps • Estuaries • Coral Reefs • Deep Ocean HOW DOES MATTER & ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM? • Food Chains – one path of energy flow • Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community • Food • Space • Water • Air • Shelter WHAT DOES AN ORGANISM NEED TO SURVIVE? WHAT ARE THE TROPHIC LEVELS? PYRAMID OF ENERGY, NUMBERS, OR BIOMASS Saprovores Saprovores or Carnivores Carnivores Carnivores Herbivores or omnivores Herbivores WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN •Predation + - Predator kills the ORGANISMS? prey for food •Competition - - both compete for same resources •Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host •Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits •Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed