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Transcript
Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle Eukaryotic Cells • Somatic cells – Diploid • Gametes – Haploid • Genome – Chromatin • Chromosomes • Sister Chromatid The Mitotic Cell Cycle Prophase-Prometaphase Prophase • • • • • • Chromatin condenses Nucleoid disappears 2 sister chromatids Mitotic spindle forms Centrosome Animals – Centrioles moves apart to poles Prometaphase • Microtubles attach to kinetochore • Chromosomes begin to move Metaphase- Anaphase-Telophase Metaphase • Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate Anaphase • Chromosomes move to opposite poles • Each ½ sister chromatid is now considered to be a complete chromosome Telophase • Nuclei form • Nucleoli reappear • Chromatin uncoils Cytokinesis • Part of cell cycle, but not considered to be part of mitosis Regulation Cyclins and Protein Kinases • Cyclin • Protein kinase – Cyclin-dependent kinase – Mitosis promoting factor – Promotes mitosis Density Dependent Inhibition • Crowded cells stop dividing – Cancer Growth Factors • Protein released by certain cells – Stimulates division Cancer • • Disorder of Cell division – Divides indefinitely (1951) Transformation – Benign – Malignant • Cancer • Metastasis Henrietta Lacks Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Heredity • Acquiring genes – Gene • DNA – Unique Sequence – Locus Reproduction • Asexual – Mitotic division • Offspring – Hydras • Clone • Sexual – Combination of genes • Greater variation Life Cycle • Conception to production of offspring • Humans – Somatic cells- Diploid • Produced by mitosis • 23 pairs of chromosomes – Sex chromosomes » Males – Autosomes – Gametes- Haploid • Produced by meisosis • 22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosomes Life Cycle • Ovaries • Testes • 2 haploid forms a diploid – Fertilization Meiosis • 2 consecutive cell division – 4 daughter cells • Interphase – Forms 2 sister chromatids • Meiosis I • Meiosis II Meiosis I Meiosis II Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis Origins of Genetic Variation • Independent assortment – 50/50 chance – 2 possible outcomes for each of the 23 pairs • Possible combinations Origins of Genetic Variation • Crossing over – Combine genes from 2 parents • Occurrence • Trade places – Event per pair • Genetic exchanges Origins of Genetic Variation • Mutations – Evolutionary adaptation • Random fertilization – Possible combinations • Combine crossing over, independent assortment and random fertilization…endless combinations. • In other words, you are unique…and special!
