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Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A
RT and/or
PCR
Inserting a gene into a
bacterial plasmid
Millions of Hectares
Bacteria can be used to transform plants
Global area planted
with GM crops
http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/agri_biotechnology/gmo_planting/257.global_gm_planting_2006.html
Texas =
70 ha
Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their
plasmid DNA into the plants genome.
Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their
plasmid DNA into the plants genome.
Fig 20.24
By replacing the gall forming genes with other
DNA when the Agrobacterium infect a plant, it
will insert that DNA into the plant.
Fig 20.25
The generation of a transgenic plant
Grown on herbicide
Fig 20.26
How do you know whether the gene you want
to express has the correct sequence?
How do you know whether the gene you want
to express has the correct sequence?
DNA sequencing
• The structure of 2’,3’-dideoxynucleotides
Fig 20.15
The dideoxy
sequencing method
Fig
20.16
The dideoxy
sequencing
method
Fig
20.16
Gel produced by the
dideoxy sequencing
method
Fig
20.16
Computerized sequencers use a similar method
Fig
20.17
• Creation of Caenorhabditis elegans transgenes
Figure 20-28
• Creation of Mus musculus transgenes
Figure 20-30
Fig 20.30
Creation of
Drosophila
melanogaster
transgenes
using a
transposon
Fig 20.29
…now enjoy
making
Frakencritters.
Is Changing an Organism’s DNA
a Good or Bad Idea?
• Genes flow within species and between
species.
• Are GM foods safe for the
environment?
• Are GM foods profitable for:
– Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?
Types of Genetically Modified Crops
Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance
Patents give 17 year monopoly for
inventor
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammatory
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammator
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding
human DNA for detecting risk of various
diseases
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammatory
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding
human DNA for detecting risk af various
diseases
•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse
Examples of current patents:
•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse
•Rejected by Canadian Supreme court in 2002
The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention"
as "any new and useful art, process, machine,
manufacture or composition of matter, or any
new and useful improvement in any art,
process, machine, manufacture or
composition of matter".
The Canadian Patent Act defines "invention"
as "any new and useful art, process, machine,
manufacture or composition of matter, or any
new and useful improvement in any art,
process, machine, manufacture or
composition of matter".
Canadian court ruled that microorganisms,
GM plants, modified DNA and cells could be
patented, but not whole animal.
Examples of current patents:
•Atryn- antithrombin produced in transgenic
goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties
•Evolutec has patents on proteins in tick saliva
for use as anti-inflammatory
•GTG in Australia has patents on non-coding
human DNA for detecting risk af various
diseases
•Harvard patented cancer susceptible mouse
•Over 70 U.S. patents for use of Indian neem
tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps
flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a
pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its
twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they
say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood
pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of
other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for use
of Indian neem tree
Neem, say the women, helps babies sleep, keeps
flies away, is a cosmetic, a disinfectant and a
pesticide. Its leaves make good cattle fodder, its
twigs are good for teeth and gums. It is used, they
say, for snake bites, malaria, hysteria, high blood
pressure, pain relief, skin diseases and a host of
other ailments.
Over 70 U.S. patents for
use of Indian neem tree
One was rejected due to
previous use in indigenous
Indian culture
Concerns of developing nations vs.
industrialized countries
Bioprospecting
These three scientists made important decisions
about their research that changed our world…
Albert Einstein
Robert Oppenheimer
Edward Teller
What responsibility do scientists have for
our creations?
Exam 2 M 10/29 at 7-8:30pm in UTC 2.102A