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Molecular Biology and Evolution
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Transcription and
RNA Processing
Translation and
Genetic Code
More
Translation and
Mutations
Evolution 1
Evolution 2
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10 Transcription and RNA
Processing
The gene sequence that indicates the
start of a gene is called….
10
Transcription and RNA
Processing
TATA box or promoter (TATAAA)
20 Transcription and RNA
Processing
The enzyme that adds
complementary RNA strands to the
template DNA
20
Transcription and RNA Processing
RNA Polymerase
30 Transcription and
RNA Processing
To protect the mRNA from
destruction by cytoplasmic enzymes,
it needs…
30 Transcription and
RNA Processing
A “G” cap and a poly “A” tail
30 Community 1
40 Transcription and RNA
Processing
Why is mRNA at the ribosome
shorter than it was in the nucleus?
40 Transcription and RNA
Processing
RNA splicing– introns are removed
and exons are pasted together.
50 Transcription and
RNA Processing
To begin transcription, the TATA
box must be bound by…
50
Transcription and RNA
Processing
Transcription Factors
10
Translation and
Genetic Code
The genetic code consists of…
10
Translation and
Genetic Code
Codons (3 nucleotide sequences
on mRNA)
20
Translation and Genetic Code
What is translation?
20
Translation and Genetic
Code
Conversion of nucleic acid
language to amino acid language
to build a protein
30
Translation and Genetic
Code
What does tRNA do in translation?
30
Translation and Genetic
Code
Joins to a specific amino acid and
transfer it by matching its
anticodon to the codon on mRNA
at the ribosome
40
Translation and Genetic
Code
What happens during initiation of
translation?
40
Translation and
Genetic Code
mRNA joins with the small
ribosomal subunit, which is then
joined by a tRNA, and then joined
by the large ribosomal subunit.
50
Translation and
Genetic Code
Why is it significant that there are
64 codons for 20 amino acids?
50
Translation and Genetic
Code
Mutations can still occur with
potentially no noticeable effect
on the phenotype.
10
More Translation
and Mutations
Any mutation that
affects a single
nucleotide is called…
10
More Translation
and Mutations
Point Mutation
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More Translation
and Mutations
A point mutation that involves a
single nucleotide switched with
another is called a…
20
More Translation
and Mutations
*Substitution
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More Translation
and Mutations
Frameshift mutations can be caused
by…
30
More Translation
and Mutations
Insertions or deletions
40
More Translation and
Mutations
List the sequence of events in
translation.
40
More Translation
and Mutations
*Initiation
*Elongation <Codon
recognition, peptide
bond formation,
translocation>
*Termination
50
More Translation
and Mutations
In terms of
transcription and
translation, how does
genotype determine
phenotype?
More Translation
50 and Mutations
*the information from the gene
on DNA that was inherited from
parents is the genotype. It is
transcribed onto mRNA, and
eventually translated into a
protein. The protein is the
phenotype (expression of the
genotype)
10
Evolution 1
What does the theory of
evolution suggest about all
living organisms?
10
Evolution 1
All living organisms
came from a
common ancestor.
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Evolution 1
Studying preserved
organisms in
sedimentary rock is
used as what?
20
Evolution 1
Evidence of Evolution
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Evolution 1
When looking at structures
that are very similar but
different in function, what
kind of evidence of
evolution are you studying?
30
Homologous
structures
Evolution 1
40
Evolution 1
A fire wipes out an entire
population of organisms. A few
survive, reproduce, and give rise
to a new population. This is an
example of…
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*Bottleneck effect
(Genetic Drift)
Evolution 1
50
Evolution 1
Variation in a population is
only significant if what?
50
Evolution 1
*The variation allows for
traits that increase the
fitness of the population.
*Beneficial traits are
heritable and are passed on
through reproduction.
10 Evolution 2
My name is Bond, Ionic Bond;
Taken, not shared!
10 Population Growth
From: Mariano Cecowski
<MCecowski#NoSpam.sif.com.ar>
Q: if both a bear in Yosemite and one in
Alaska fall into the water
which one disolves faster?
A: The one in Alaska because it is
HIJKLMNO
10 Population Growth
Alimentary: What Sherlock Holmes said to Dr. Watson.
Urinate: What a nurse would say if a patient asked her what room
he's in.
Urine - The opposite of "You're out!"
Benign: What we want when we are eight.
Intestine - Currently taking an exam
CARDIOLOGY: advanced study of poker playing
TERMINAL ILLNESS: getting sick at the airport
10
Evolution 2
Dark colored moths outnumbered light
colored moths in Manchester England during
the Industrial Revolution.
How would Lamarck explain this
phenomenon?
10
Evolution 2
According to his Theory of Evolution by
Acquired Characteristics, Lamarck would
suggest that the light colored moths turned
dark colored, reproduced, and passed on this
acquired trait to the next generation.
10
Genetics 2
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Evolution 2
Dark colored moths outnumbered light
colored moths in Manchester England
during the Industrial Revolution.
How would Darwin explain this
phenomenon?
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Evolution 2
Darwin would have explained through his Theory of Evolution
by Natural Selection. Light moths were easily seen by
predators and therefore more likely to be eaten. Dark moths
were naturally selected to survive in that their dark traits
allowed them to blend into their environment. The dark moths
survived, reproduced, and overtime there were more dark
colored moths in the population.
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Evolution 2
Variation within a
population comes
from….
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Evolution 2
*new allele
combinations that arise
from mutations.
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Genetics 2
40
Evolution 2
Darwin observed
selective breeding of
dogs to help him better
understand natural
selection. What did he
call this type of
selective breeding?
40
Evolution 2
*artificial selection
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Evolution 2
Upon application of a pesticide in her garden, Sally
initially found it to be an effective method to destroy
the pests. Within a few months, the pesticide was
completely ineffective and her garden was being
destroyed by pests.
(a) Why did the pesticide become ineffective?
(b) What should she do?
50
Evolution 2
(a) The pesticide destroyed 99% of the
pests, but 1% had a mutation that
enabled them immunity to the
pesticide. The pesticide-resistant
pests then reproduce, and overtime
their population increased in the
garden.
(b)Sally will need to get a new
pesticide