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CHELSEA
POWERPOINT
WHAT IS CLONING?
• is the process of producing similar
populations of genetically identical
individuals that occurs in nature when
organisms such as bacteria, insects or
plants reproduce asexually
How is cloning done?
• fragmentation - breaking apart a strand of
DNA
• ligation - gluing together pieces of DNA in
a desired sequence
• transfection - inserting the newly formed
pieces of DNA into cells
• screening/selection - selecting out the
cells that were successfully transfected
with the new DNA
How Is Cloning Accomplished
• is linearised using restriction enzymes,
and incubated with the fragment of interest
under appropriate conditions with an
enzyme called DNA ligase. Following
ligation the vector with the insert of interest
is transfected into cells
Cloning the Basics
How does SCNT differ from the
natural way of making an embryo
• The fertilization of an egg by a sperm and the SCNT
cloning method both result in the same thing: a dividing
ball of cells, called an embryo. So what exactly is the
difference between these methods?
• An embryo is composed of cells that contain two
complete sets of chromosomes. The difference between
fertilization and SCNT lies in where those two sets
originated.
• In fertilization, the sperm and egg both contain one set of
chromosomes. When the sperm and egg join, the
resulting zygote ends up with two sets - one from the
father (sperm) and one from the mother (egg).
Click and Clone
Isolate donor cells from inimi and megdo
Remote and discard the nucleus from the
egg cells
Transfer the cell nucleus into the egg cells
Stimulate cell division
implant the embryo into maim the mother
Deliver the baby mouse clone of Mimi
Clone Zone
• 1885-The sea urchin is a relativity simple
that is useful for studying.
• 1902-Each cell contains adult
• 1997-several of the research plans
• 1999-After injected these nucleic
• 2001-these cells will be produce cells
• 2002-the bill is probably waiting for the
vote
Why Clone
• Cloning for medical purposes
Cloning animal models of disease
Cloning stem cells for research
"Pharming" for drug production
Reviving Endangered or Extinct Species
. Cloning Humans?
3. Reproducing a Deceased Pet
Clone Myth
• Misconception #1: Instant Clones! A common
misconception is that a clone, if created, would
magically appear at the same age as the
original. This simply isn't true. You remember
that cloning is an alternative way to create an
embryo, not a full-grown individual. Therefore,
that embryo, once created, must develop exactly
the same way as would an embryo created by
fertilizing an egg cell with a sperm cell. This will
require a surrogate mother and ample time for
the cloned embryo to grow and fully develop into
an individual
Clone Myth
• Misconception #2: Carbon Copies! Not exactly. Are you familiar with
the phrase "nature versus nurture?" Basically, this means that while
genetics can help determine traits, environmental influences have a
considerable impact on shaping an individual's physical appearance
and personality. For example, do you know any identical twins?
They are genetically the same, but do they really look and act
exactly alike?
• So, even though Frank #2 is genetically identical to the original
Frank, she will grow and develop in a completely different
environment than the original Frank or will have a different mother,
and she will be exposed to different experiences throughout her
development and life. Therefore, there is only a slim chance that
Frank #2 will closely resemble the Frank you know and love.
CC and Rainbow
• The answer lies on the X chromosome. In cats, a gene that helps
determine coat color resides on this chromosome. Both CC and
Rainbow, being females, have two X chromosomes. (Males have
one X and one Y chromosome.) Since the two cats have the exact
same X chromosomes, they have the same two coat color genes,
one specifying black and the other specifying orange.
• So why do they look different?
• Very early in her development, each of Rainbow's cells "turned off"
one entire X chromosome - and therefore, turned off either the black
color gene or the orange one. This process, called X-inactivation,
happens normally in females, in order to prevent them from having
twice as much X-chromosome activity as males. It also happens
randomly, meaning that not every cell turns off the same X
chromosome.