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Transcript
Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Genetics Page 164 • Look at the photo and answer the following questions in complete sentences! • How is this alligator different from other alligators you have seen? Background Vocab • Genetics: – Field of biology to understand how characteristics are given from parents to their children • Heredity: – The sending of characteristics from parents to children • Gregor Mendel: – Person who did much of the work to create genetics as a topic to study Mendel’s Peas • Mendel looked at 7 characteristics. • Each characteristic had 2 options. – Height—tall or short – Seed color—yellow or green – Texture—smooth or wrinkled – Flower color—purple or white • He collected seeds from his pea plants and planted them the next year. • Seeds from a purple flower plant… Purple Flower & White Flower Plants • Seeds from a tall plant… Tall & Short Plants • P1 Generation: – Parents • F1 Generation: – 1st set of children • F2 Generation: – 2nd set of children For Example… P1 F1 F2 Tall X Short All Tall Most Tall Some Short Purple X White Most Purple Some White All Purple Mendel’s Conclusions • A pair of factors must control each trait (ex. Tall vs. Short). • One factor must prevent the other from being seen. (In F1 only saw tall plants.) • Dominant: – Trait that is seen • Recessive: – Trait that does NOT appear • Law of Segregation: – A pair of factors is separated when eggs and sperm are made • Example— Sperm tall factor Egg short factor Baby is…tall or short WHY????? • Law of Independent Assortment: – Factors are given to the gametes (?) independently • Allele: – New name for forms of a gene (Mendel’s factors) – Use letters – CAPITAL LETTERS = dominant alleles – Lowercase letters = recessive alleles For Example… • Seed Color • Green is dominant –G • Yellow is recessive –g • Genotype: – Genetic make-up – Ex: Gg • Phenotype: – Appearance of an organism – Ex: Green 9.2 Genetic Crosses • Homozygous: – Both alleles are alike – Homozygous dominant = TT = tall – Homozygous recessive = tt = short • Heterozygous: – The two alleles are different – Tt = tall • Probability: – How likely it is for something to occur – Often written in the form of a fraction • Monohybrid cross: – A cross using one pair of traits – Ex: cross between a pure purple flowering plant and a pure white flowering plant How do you show a cross? • Punnett Square: – A diagram to predict how traits are inherited p P P p