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Genetics- By: Miss Murphy Some the study of how traits are inherited Heredity- the passing of traits from parent to offspring examples of traits include: Genes eye color hair color are made up of DNA and are located on the chromosomes. Genes control the traits that show up in an organism nose shape • Chromatin –long strands of hereditary material within the cell nucleus that are made up of proteins and DNA. • Chromosomes- rodshaped structures in the cell nucleus that carry hereditary information. • Genes- section of DNA on a chromosome • DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid) an organism’s information code made up of 2 twisted strands of molecules Gregor MendelAustrian monk responsible for the first recorded scientific study of how traits pass from one generation to the next 1. Mendel started with purebred tall pea plants and purebred short pea plants In 1856 Mendel started an experiment with common garden peas Mendel felt that one could predict the type of flowers and fruit a plant would produce by looking at the parent plant After 8 yrs. he published his work “Experiments With Plant Hybrids” Mendel’s work was ignored until the 1900’s 2.He cross-pollinated the two types of plants. Took pollen from the male reproductive structures of the tall plants and placed it on the female reproductive structures of the short plants 3. Mendel allowed the new tall plants to self-pollinate Tall plants crossed with short plants produced ALL tall plants. Pollen is transferred from the male to the female reproductive structure in the same plant Mendel planted these seeds and found that both tall and short plants grew. Tool used to predict results in Mendelian genetics Alleles- the different forms a gene may have for a trait. Dominant and recessive alleles are represented by letters Capital letters = dominant allele Lowercase letters = recessive allele • An organism with 2 alleles that are exactly the same or For every 3 tall plants, there was one short plant or a 3:1 ratio. Mendel called the tall-height form that appeared the dominant factor and the short-height form the recessive factor. Letters show the genotype of an organism Genotype = genetic makeup Most cells in the body have 2 alleles for every trait • An organism that has 2 different alleles for a trait One allele for tall One allele for short • the physical expression of a particular genotype Tall appearance Short appearance Tall appearance x http://thinkquest.org/terms ofuse.shtml (pea plant crosses slides 10 and 12) http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za /ecotree/flowers/pollination 1.htm (self and cross-pollination slides 9 and 11)