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Transcript
O T T F F S S E __ What comes next? It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares) 1 O N E 2 T W O 3 T H R E E 4 F O U R 5 F I V E 6 S I X 7 8 S E E I V G E H N T 9 __ N I N E PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2 Interest Grabber Section 11-2 Tossing Coins If you toss a coin, what is the probability of getting heads? Tails? If you toss a coin 10 times, how many heads and how many tails would you expect to get? Working with a partner, have one person toss a coin ten times while the other person tallies the results on a sheet of paper. Then, switch tasks to produce a separate tally of the second set of 10 tosses. Go to Section: Interest Grabber Answers 1. Assuming that you expect 5 heads and 5 tails in 10 tosses, how do the results of your tosses compare? How about the results of your partner’s tosses? How close was each set of results to what was expected? Results will vary, but should be close to 5 heads and 5 tails. 2. Add your results to those of your partner to produce a total of 20 tosses. Assuming that you expect 10 heads and 10 tails in 20 tosses, how close are these results to what was expected? The results for 20 tosses may be closer to the predicted 10 heads and 10 tails. 3. If you compiled the results for the whole class, what results would you expect? The results for the entire class should be even closer to the number predicted by the rules of probability. 4. How do the expected results differ from the observed results? The observed results are usually slightly different from the expected results. PROBABILITY ____________________ is the __________ likelihood that a particular _________________ event will occur It can be written as a: 1/4 Fraction ____ 25% Percent ____ 1:3 Ratio ____ http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ 1/2 ____ 50% ____ 1:1 Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So can use probability to predict outcomes of genetic crosses. PROBABILITIES _____ outcomes ______ PAST DON’Taffect _________ones FUTURE If last coin flip was heads… there is still a 50/50 chance the next flip will be heads too. _____________works ______ Probability predicting best in ___________ a ________ number of events. large The more flips. . . The closer results will be to the expected 50:50 average. DOMINANT/RECESSIVE _____________ Dominant allele is represented by a ____________ capital letter. (usually the first letter of the trait) Recessive allele is represented by the SAME ____________ lower-case _________________ letter. T EX: Tall = ______ NOT S for short t Short =______ HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, SAME the organism is _______________ HOMOZYGOUS or __________ PURE TT tt EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, DIFFERENT the organism is HETEROZYGOUS or _____________ HYBRID _________________ Ex: ____ Tt PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE genetic makeup The ________________ of an organism is its _____________ GENOTYPE appearance The ____________of an organism is PHENOTYPE its _____________ MAKING A CROSS for only a ONE __________ GENE trait = MONOHYBRID CROSS ____________________ A Punnett square for a MONOHYBRID CROSS looks like this: PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents Parent alleles go at _______________ top and on left side Boxes show T possible ____________ offspring combinations t ___________________ T T STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out what _________________ parent alleles 1. ___________ are Choose Punnett square __________ size 2. ________correct__________ Put in possible_______________________ parent gametes 3. ______ Fill in boxes with _____________________ offspring combinations 4. ______ probabilities phenotypes 5. Determine ____________of_____________& genotypes ____________ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short TALL = ____ T SHORT = ____ t LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL X PURE SHORT PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? TT T HOMOZYGOUS _________ T What gametes can it make? PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? tt t HOMOZYGOUS _________ t What gametes can it make? T T t Tt Tt t Tt Tt ALL _____ of the offspring 100 ____ % ___/4 4 will be Tt PHENOTYPE _______ TALL GENOTYPE _____ HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? Tt T _________ HETEROZYGOUS t What gametes can it make? T t T TT Tt t Tt tt GENOTYPES TT ¼ = _____ Tt ½ = _____ tt ¼ = _____ TALL 3/4 or ____% 75 PHENOTYPES ____ _________ ____ _________ 1/4or ____% SHORT 25 PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a MONOHYBRID CROSS Tall = ____ T t Short = ____ R Round seeds = ___ r Wrinkled seeds = ___ What are the possible gametes? Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T TT T What are the possible gametes? PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? r rr r What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? R Rr r What are the possible gametes? Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T Tt t Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences the ____________________________ ________________________. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” = ________________________ provide the plan Genes ________ ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also depends on ______________conditions. environmental _______ GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have choices ____________ MORE than 2 allele __________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = ____________________ EX: blood type B ___ O A ___ Allele choices ___ GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ MORE than ONE gene have _____ _________ many “___________” in-between phenotypes There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ whole range of intelligences in-between http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE ____________________ CO-DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant allele _______ masks __________ the ___________ recessive one PATTERN ? Recessive allele ____________ ________ returns in a _____ratio in the 3:1 ____ F2 generation http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE DON’T SEE expected __________ _____ 3:1 ratio in F2 generation Heterozygous organisms with one _____________ dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ BLENDED in-between trait Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html CO-DOMINANCE BOTH traits are expressed at ___________ _______ SAME TIME (_____________________) in heterozygote NO BLENDING ROAN A ________HORSE has ______________ BOTH RED hair and __________ WHITE hair side by side CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB REMEMBER Membrane proteins with _______ sugars attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: A B O _____ ____ ____ BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE AA AO BB BO OO AB PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) A A B B O AB DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! DONOR BLOOD O can donate to ____ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ UNIVERSAL DONOR Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . . AB can RECEIVE FROM ______ EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA A B AB O 40% 10% 4% 46% http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE + Rh Rh OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: NO PROBLEMS Rh+ MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh+ Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif MOM is _____ Rh+ & BABY is ____ Rh- PROBLEM IF: Can be a ___________ Mom is _____ Rh- Baby is _____ Rh+ 1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif DIHYBRID CROSSES (2 traits) http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round? MAKING A CROSS with TWO gene traits ___________________= DIHYBRID CROSS ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas Section 11-3 LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND RRYY HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED rryy 1. Figure ___________ are out what _________________ parent alleles 2. Choose ________correct__________ Punnett square __________ size 3. Put ______ in possible_______________________ parent gametes 4. Fill ______ in boxes with _____________________ offspring combinations 5. Determine ____________of_____________& probabilities phenotypes ____________ genotypes LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene R RYY R Y R Y RY ___________ ____________ _____________ RY _____________ PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene rryy r y r y ry ___________ ____________ _____________ ry _____________ PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE? HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene RrYy R Y r y rY ___________ ____________ _____________ Ry _____________ ry ry ry ry RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RY RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy genotype 100% of offspring = _______ ROUND YELLOW phenotype _______________________ MAKE ANOTHER CROSS HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW RrYy X HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW RrYy POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RY ry Ry rY RY Ry rY ry RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy ____ 9 Round & Yellow Ry RRYy 3 Round & ____ green rY RrYY RrYy RY ry RrYy RRyy Rryy RrYy Rryy rrYY rrYy 3 Wrinkled ____ & yellow rrYy 1 wrinkled ____ & green rryy heterozygous dihybrid cross is a Sign of a ______________________ _____________ 9:3:3:1 ratio in offspring. ____ 9 ____________ dominant TRAIT 1 ; ____________ dominant TRAIT 2 3 ____________ dominant TRAIT 1; _____________ recessive ____ TRAIT 2 ____ TRAIT 2 recessive TRAIT 1; _____________ dominant 3 ____________ ____ TRAIT 2 1 ____________ recessive TRAIT 1; _____________ recessive 9:3:3:1 __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html What are the possible gametes? RRTT pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ R T ____ R T _____ R T ______ RT What gametes can it produce? TtRR Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round What are the possible gametes? ____ T R ____ t R _____ t R ______ TR What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes? Ttrr = __________ Hybrid tall & pure wrinkled ____ T r ____ t r _____ t r ______ Tr What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes? tRr =T __________ Heterozygous tall & hybrid round ____ T R ____ t r _____ t R ______ Tr What gametes can it produce?