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Use your knowledge of genetics to answer each question 1. What term refers to the actual genetic make-up of a trait? Example: Yy or RR 2. What term refers to the gene that is NOT expressed when two different genes for a trait are present in a gene pair? 4. What type of pollination occurs when pollen from the stamen on one flower is transferred to the pistil on a flower on a different plant? 5. Identify each gene pair as purebred (P) or hybrid (H). BB ______ Dd - ______ tt - _____ Rules of Inheritance • Some traits follow the simple rules of Mendelian inheritance of dominant and recessive genes. • Complex traits follow different patterns of inheritance that may involve multiples genes and other factors. For example, – – – – Incomplete or blended dominance Codominance Multiple alleles Polygenetic Inheritance 2 Incomplete Dominance • Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is a blend of a heterozygous allele pair. Ex., Red flower + Blue flower => Purple flower • If the dragons have fire-power alleles F (strong fire) and F’ (no fire) that follow incomplete dominance, what are the phenotypes for the following dragonfire genotypes? – FF – FF’ – F’F’ 3 Incomplete Dominance • Incomplete dominance results in a phenotype that is a blend of the two traits in an allele pair. Ex., Red flower + Blue flower => Purple flower • If the Dragons in Harry Potter have fire-power alleles F (strong fire) and F’ (no fire) that follow incomplete dominance, what are the phenotypes for the following dragon-fire genotypes: Genotypes Phenotypes FF FF’ F’F’ strong fire moderate fire (blended trait) no fire 4 Codominance • Codominance results in a phenotype that shows both traits of an allele pair. Ex., Red flower + White flower => Red & White spotted flower • If merpeople have tail color alleles B (blue) and G (green) that follow the codominance inheritance rule, what are possible genotypes and phenotypes? Genotypes Phenotypes 5 Codominance • Codominance results in a phenotype that shows both traits of an allele pair. Ex., Red flower + White flower => Red & White spotted flower (both traits) • If merpeople have tail color alleles B (blue) and G (green) that follow the codominance inheritance rule, what are possible genotypes and phenotypes? Genotypes Phenotypes BB blue tail GG green tail BG blue & green tail (both traits) 6 Multiple alleles • Multiple alleles have more than 2 variations. Ex., human blood type has 3 different allele variants, A, B, and O. Genotypes Phenotypes AA, AO A blood type AB AB blood type BB, BO B blood type OO O blood type 7 Multiple Alleles: Human Blood type If parents have A (AO) and B (BB) blood types, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children? A O B B 8 Multiple Alleles: Human Blood type A O If parents have A (AO) and B (BB) blood types, what are possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children? B AB BO Genotypes: AB and BO B AB BO Phenotypes: AB and B blood types 9 Polygenetic Inheritance • when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes. Often the genes are large in quantity but small in effect. • Examples of human polygenic inheritance are height, skin color, eye color and weight. 10 11