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Biology Review
Study of life
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Prefixes/Suffixes
- Hetero- – different Heterozygous
- Homo- – same
Homozygous
- Hydro- – water
Hydroponic
- Pseudo- – false
Pseudopod
- Lys-, Lyso-, -Lyse – Split
Lysosome, Hydrolysis
- a-, an- - without
Anaerobic
- pod, -ped – foot
Gastropod
- philia – love of
Hydrophilic, Philadelphia
- phobia – fear of
Arachnophobia
- Cyto – cell
Cytochrome
- Chrom, chromo
Chromatophore
- logy – study of
Biology
- zoo, zoa – animal
Protozoa
To be an Organism (living)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It must react to environment
It must use energy
It be made of cells
It must reproduce
It must grow and develop
•
Homeostasis= all 5 conditions met and
vital signs are stable
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The Cell
• Cells are made up of Macromolecules
– Prokaryotes (bacteria) have no membrane
organelles
– Eukaryotes (plants and animals) have
membrane organelles
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Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic
Acids
• Monomers- smaller unit building block
• Polymers -repeated chain of monomers
• Dehydration synthesis- building (makes water)
• Hydrolysis- cutting up (water incorporated)
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Carbohydrates
• Elements present C, H, O
• Monomer-Monosaccharide
• Ex. glucose
• Polymer-Polysaccharide
• Ex. Cellulose
• Nutrition- Fast energy source
Lipids
• Elements present- C, H, O
• Monomer
• fatty acids
• Polymers
• triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids
• Nutrition
• Energy storage
Proteins
• Elements present- C, H, O, N, S
• Monomer• amino acids ex. Glycine
• Polymer• Polypeptides (protein)
• Nutrition
• Main building blocks of your body tissues
• Enzymes
• Catalyst
• Specific to reactions
Nucleic Acids
• Elements presentC,H,O, N, P
• Monomer
– nucleotide
• Polymer
• DNA and RNA
• Nutrition• Components for energy
storage and info storage
• ATP
– Energy currency- make
and break phosphate
bonds
The Cell
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Organelles
• Nucleus
– control center
• Cell membrane
– outside barrier controlling what enters and exits
• Cell wall
– rigid outer layer providing structure
• Cytoskeleton
– support
• Cytoplasm
– thick, clear liquid holding organelles.
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Organelles
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
– make and process lipids (detoxifies)
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Channels covered with ribosomes used in the
synthesis and processing of proteins
• Golgi apparatus
– Stacked membranes with vesicles used for secretion
• Ribosome
– responsible for protein synthesis
• Lysosome
– Digest materials
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Organelles
• Mitochondria
– energy production
• Cilia/flagellum
– hair/tail-like projection used for movement
• Vacuole
– storage
• Chloroplast– photosynthesis
• Centrioles– Used in animal cell reproduction
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Membrane Transport
Passive transport- NO energy
• Diffusion- high to low
Active Transport- energy
• Ion pump- low to high
• Osmosis- water
• Endocytosis- intake large
material in vesicles
• Facilitated Diffusion- High
to low through transport
protein
• Exocytosis-release large
material in vesicles
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Photosynthesis
• CO2 + H2OC6H12O6 + O2
Cellular Respiration
• C6H12O6 + O2CO2 + H2O
Cell Life Cycle
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Cell Reproduction
Mitosis- body cells
• Prophase
• Metaphase
• Anaphase
• Telophase
• 2 cells -exact copies
Meiosis- sex cells
• Prophase I
• Metaphase I
• Anaphase I
• Telophase I
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II
• 4 cells - half the # of
chromosomes
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Genetics
-genes determine the physical appearance of organisms and the proteins that
their cells manufacture
•Phenotype – what an organism “looks” like. Proteins that are made
•Genotype – an organism’s combination of alleles – what it got from it’s
parents.
•Heterozygous –different version of each gene from parents. Generally
show the dominant trait. Aa
•Homozygous – got two of the same version of a gene…one from each
parent these individuals either show the recessive trait or the dominant trait. AA or
aa
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Genetics
• Chromosomes (made of DNA) are the
unit of heredity (genetics)
• Central Dogma- DNARNAProtein
• Any change to the DNA is a mutation
– ATTCG
• ATCG – deletion
• ATTGCG – addition
• ATTGG- substitution
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Evolution
• Change over time
• Caused by natural selection
– Strongest/smartest survive and have the most
kids
– “good” traits are passed on and dominate
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Evidence
1. Fossils
2. Homologous structures- similar internal
structures different external appearance
3. Vestigial Structures- left over structures
4. Embryology- similar development
5. DNA
6. Controlled Experiments- bacteria
Ecology
• Interaction in nature
– Biotic- living
– Abiotic- nonliving
• If you change one part of the environment
something else will have to change in
response
• We are all connected
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Ecology – study of the interaction of
organisms and their environment
Organism – one member of a species
Population- every member of a single
species in an area
Community- all LIVING things in an
area (BIOTA)
Ecosystem –all living and non living
components in an area
(BIOTA
and ABIOTA)
Biosphere – all the ecosystems on
earth
Organisms can only live within a range
of conditions that we refer to as the
TOLERANCE RANGE.
Succession in an ecosystem moves to the
CLIMAX COMMUNITY for that SPECIFIC area
- in temperate forest, this is forest. In
grassland, it would be…grass.
•
Abiotic factors are non-living or once living – rain,
rocks, fallen logs, wind
•
Biotic factors are LIVING – animals, plants, moss,
plankton
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Biomes of the world
-a biome is a land area that has certain characteristics
Temperate deciduous forest – our biome. 4 seasons. Moderate rainfall.
Mostly broadleaf trees
Taiga-The swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes, esp. that
between the tundra and steppes of Siberia and North America.
Tundra - essentially a desert-very little rainfall >10” 2 seasons – cold and warm
soil is frozen year round – PERMAFROST. Plants are generally small
Desert – very little rainfall >10” poor soil. Reptiles / insects dominate the animal
life. Plants are water storers, and generally protected by spines,
poisons, etc
Rainforest – lots of rainfall <200” per year in some locations. Lush plant growth
Temperate-latitudes like ours Tropical-located between the tropics
Grasslands- less rainfall than temperate deciduous forests, frequent fires.
Seasonal rainfall is common with distinct wet and dry seasons. A.K.A. Prarie,
veldt, pampas, steppe
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Life forms
• Kingdoms
– Animals
– Plants
– Fungi
– Protist
– Eubacteria
– Archaebacteria
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Plants
• Plants carry out photosynthesis
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