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1. Water Water forms hydrogen bonds between molecules, with the force of attraction coming between opposite poles Due to its polar structure when water freezes it traps oxygen thus making it less dense and able to float O H H Water is the universal solvent, meaning that most substances dissolve in it. Water (H2O) is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. They are held together by polar bonds which give a slight + and – charge to opposite sides 1. When the cells of most organisms freeze, they burst. Which property of water causes this to occur? • a. Water is a universal solvent • b. Water changes temperatures rapidly • c. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid • d. Water is a nonpolar molecule Structure A 2. What characteristic of Part 1 of Structure A gives it the ability to attract water molecules? a. acidity b. conductivity c. density d. polarity 2. Macromolecules Used in cellular respiration Used for Energy Subunits: Simple Sugars Make up cell membranes Glucose created in photosynthesis Make up sugars Steroids, hormones, fats, waxes Carbohydrate Subunits: Fatty acids Lipids Four Basic Macromolecules Proteins Nucleic Acids Subunits: Nucleotides Made of sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous bases Make up DNA & RNA Stores genetic info Used to create proteins Adenine, Guanine, & Cytosine on both DNA and RNA DNA: Thymine RNA: Uracil Make up enzymes Subunits: Amino Acids Created in the ribosomes The major role of carbohydrates in the human diet is to a. b. c. d. form cell membranes catalyze cellular reactions supply energy for the body provide building blocks for proteins Which of these supply the main energy source used in cellular respiration? a. b. c. d. Lipids amino acids nucleic acids carbohydrates The cell wall of a plant helps the plant cell maintain its shape. What is the main structural component of the cell wall of a plant? a. b. c. d. Lipid Cellulose amino acid nucleic acid Which statement describes the major role of lipids within a cell? a. They cause DNA to replicate b. The move RNA in the cytoplasm c. The catalyze chemical reactions in the cell cytoplasm d. The are the main structural components of membranes A dog gets many nutrients from its food including amino acids. Which of these can be built directly using the amino acids a. b. c. d. Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids minerals Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecule? a. b. c. d. fatty acids Nucleotides amino acids chromosomes Cardinals are birds that spend the winter in Maryland. Many people feed them sunflower seeds during the winter months. Some of the carbohydrates in the cardinal’s diet come from these seeds. Describe: - the building blocks of carbohydrates - how the sunflower produce carbohydrates - how carbohydrates are used by living organisms • +1 building block of carbs are sugars • +1/2 identify photosynthesis as process that produces carbs • +1/2 identify that sunlight is trapped by chloroplasts to get initial energy • +1/2 oxygen and glucose (sugar) are the waste products • +1/2 living organisms use cellular respiration to create energy • +1/2 oxygen and glucose are broken down to create ATP • +1/2 ATP used as energy 3. Enzymes Reactants Products Reaction Enzymes: • A molecule that increases the speed of a biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start a reaction Substrate Enzyme Active Site Environmental Effects on Enzyme Action Temperature pH Amount of Substrate Amount of Enzymes What molecules control the reaction rate of photosynthesis? a. b. c. d. Sugars Enzymes Fatty acids Nucleic acids Which of these most affected in the cells of goldfish when the water temperature is lowered? a. b. c. d. enzyme activity pH level DNA base sequence Salt concentration The table below lists the enzymes that function in different locations in the human body, and the normal pH and temperature ranges of these locations: - Location of Enzyme Enzyme pH Ranges of location Temperature (Celsius) ranges of location Mouth Salivary amylase 6.0-7.0 36.7-37.0 Stomach Pepsin 2.0-3.0 37.3-37.6 Small Intestine Pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase 7.5-9.0 37.3-37.6 Use your understanding of the structure and function of enzymes to: - Predict how the activity of pepsin will change after it moves from the stomach to the small intestine - Explain your prediction using data from t he table Describe how change sin pH and temperature affect enzyme activity Predict how a fever of 40 degrees Celsius would affect enzyme activity • +1/2 pepsin activity will decrease as it moves from the stomach to the small intestine • +1/2 this is due to an increase in pH • +1/2 data used from table • +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain pH • +1/2 enzymes work best at a certain temperature • +1/2 extremes denature enzymes by distorting active site • +1/2 identify that 40 degrees is above temperature range of all listed enzymes • +1/2 all activity will slow due to temperature increase 4. Cells Organelle Buzz Word Function Mitochondria Energy production Nucleus Control center Ribosome Protein Synthesis Cell Membrane Cell Transport /Diffusion/Osmosis Made of lipids Cell Wall Chloroplast Protection & structure/made of cellulose Traps Sun/creates sugars Vacuole Storage Lysosome Cell Digestion Plant Cell: Animal Cell: Cell Wall Lysosome Chloroplasts Vacuole No Cell Wall Eukaryotic Researchers have discovered a toxin that stops cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed to this toxin cannot carry out many of their normal processes: Which of these cell organelles are most directly affected by this toxin? a. ribosomes b. chloroplasts c. mitochondria d. vacuoles The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the air occurs in the lungs. This exchange of gases takes place at the cellular level. What part of the cell is primarily responsible for this exchange? a. b. c. d. the cell membrane the nucleus the cell wall the ribosome Which of these organelles in animal cells provide energy for cell activities? a. b. c. d. Mitochondria Chloroplasts Ribosomes nuclei Cyanide is a poison that prevents mitochondria from using oxygen. As a result, the mitochondria cannot produce a. b. c. d. Lipids Sugar Minerals energy Maryland white oak trees make their own food. Their cells contain structures that capture energy from the sun. What are these structures? a. chloroplasts b. nuclei c. mitochondria d. ribosomes In Eukaryotes, which of these organelles are used to make sugars? a. b. c. d. Flagella Ribosomes Mitochondria chloroplasts Which structure in a cell is used to release energy in the cell? a. nucleus b. cell wall c. chrloroplasts d. mitochondrion 5. Cell Transport Exocytosis: large particles leave the cell by means of a vesicle Active Transport - Requires energy - Typically goes against concentration gradient Endocytosis: large particles enter cell by means of a vesicle Osmosis: Movement of water across the cell membrane Transport particles & nutrients into and out of the cell - Works with the concentration gradient - Does not require energy Passive Transport Ion Pump: A protein in the cell membrane that pumps ions against the gradient Diffusion: Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration Which of these is the process by which water moves across a selectively permeable membrane? a. b. c. d. Osmosis Transpiration capillary action active transport If the dialysis sac is permeable only to water and iodine, what will the solutions in the beaker and the sac look like after two hours? a. b. c. d. The iodine solution in the beaker will turn blue-black; the starch solution will not change The starch solution in the dialysis sac will turn blue-black; the iodine solution will not change. Neither solution will turn blue-black Both solution will turn blue-black Which of these processes is demonstrated by the experiment shown in the diagram? a. cellular respiration b. active transport c. endocytosis d. diffusion In an experiment, a group of students placed ten raisins in a container with 100 milliliters of water. They covered the container and let the raisins sit overnight. The students removed the raisins from the container and observed that they were larger. They also observed that the volume of water in the container had decreased. What happened to the raisins to cause the raisins to become larger? In your response be sure to: • name the process that caused the raisins to become larger • describe how this process caused the raisins to become larger • explain the role of this process in living systems • +1 identified osmosis as the process • +1 defined the term osmosis • +1/2 described there was a concentration difference inside and outside the membrane • +1/2 mentions and explains passive transport • +1 describes how water cross through cell membranes in order to maintain cell processes How do living systems control the movement of materials into and out of cells? In your response be sure to: • identify the cell structures and body systems involved • describe the functions of the cell structures and body systems involved • identify and describe the processes responsible for the movement of materials into and out of the cells • +1/2 identifies and describes active transport • +1/2 identifies and describes passive transport • +1/2 identifies the cell membrane as a semipermeable membrane that controls the flow of substances into and out of cell • +1/2 identifies proteins on the cell membrane as a means of active transport • +1 identifies osmosis and diffusion as passive transport and describe each • +1 identifies ion pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis as active transport and describe each 6. Body Systems Body Systems: Key Word(s): Role: Releases chemicals/hormones in order to direct life functions Endocrine Chemicals Skeletal Structure Protects and gives structure to the body Excretory Removal of wastes Removes metabolic wastes from the body Communication Sends signals from the brain to other parts of the body Transport Transports nutrients to all parts of the body using vascular tissues Respiratory Exchange of gases Exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen between the environment Digestive Absorption Absorbs nutrients from food into the body Nervous Circulatory Which body system produces chemicals that act at different sites in the body: a. b. c. d. the circulatory system the endocrine system the excretory system the skeletal system In the human body, which of these systems transports sugars to the cells where they are used: a. b. c. d. Excretory Respiratory Circulatory digestive Which of these is not a direct function of the skeletal system a. blood circulation b. muscle attachment c. support of the body d. protection of the organs What is the primary role of the endocrine system: a. to produce chemicals that affect other parts of the body b. to remove waste products from the blood c. to defend the body against illness and infection d. to coordinate movement of the body Which system in the frog produces chemicals that regulate functions in different parts of its body a. b. c. d. respiratory system excretory system endocrine system circulatory system Which of these organ systems is responsible for the removal of metabolic wastes from the blood a. b. c. d. Endocrine Nervous Respiratory excretory Which of these body systems transports glucose and other substances in the blood to the cells of the body a. b. c. d. digestive system endocrine system circulatory system reproductive system 7. Homeostasis Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant internal environment by making changes to the internal or external environment Equilibrium: the state of homeostasis where all factors are balanced or at optimal levels Maintaining Homeostasis: Input: Change in equilibrium Influx of sugar into system Receptor/Sensor : Detects the change Body detects high blood sugar Control Center/Integrat or: Receives info from and decides on the way to return to equilibrium Brain tells pancreas to release insulin Effector: Change in body made in order to return to homeostasis Pancreas releases insulin Return to equilibrium Body’s blood sugar level returns to normal Output: Which of these is an example of feedback in a biological system? a. the movement of salts from cells in the bloodstream b. the release of insulin into the bloodstream when blood sugar increases c. the decrease in oxygen levels in the blood after vigorous exercise d. the use of energy when muscles contract Birds, mammals, and theropod dinosaurs can maintain a constant body temperature. The ability to maintain a constant body temperature. The ability to maintain a constant body temperature is an example of a. b. c. d. Respiration Homeostasis a reptilian trait an acquired trait Mammals are exposed to a variety of outside temperatures. However, they are able to maintain a constant internal body temperature. Describe ways that mammals warm and cool themselves in response to their environment: Include in your response • an example of a mammal and its environment • both body structures and activities they use • specific examples of both warming and cooling • +1/2 named a mammal • +1/2 named its environment • +1 body structures identified (hair, fat deposits, muscles, etc.) that are used to maintain body temperature • +1 warming activities identified (shivering, sitting in sun, feeding, seeking shelter) • +1 cooling activities identified (sweating, seeking water, seeking shade) 8. Photosynthesis Chlorophyll, a pigment in the chloroplast absorbs sunlight energy Forms glucose Oxygen is released as a waste product Used in cellular respiration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2) Light Intensity: • The rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases, till all the pigments reach saturation point, then it levels out Carbon Dioxide Concentration: • The rate of photosynthesis increases till all the pigments reach their saturation point then level off Temperature: • The rate of photosynthesis is optimal at a certain temperature, too extreme and it decreases A scientist wants to study photosynthesis in a newly discovered species. Which of these cell structures should the scientist study: a. b. c. d. Vacuoles Chloroplasts Mitochondria ribosomes During photosynthesis, trees convert carbon dioxide and other materials to: a. b. c. d. Lipids amino acids nucleic acids sugars In a recent experiment, scientists studied the effects of increased carbon dioxide levels on the growth of pine trees. The scientists observed that increases levels of carbon dioxide resulted in a increase in the average circumference of the tree trunks. The change in circumference is a results of process of: a. b. c. d. Osmosis Adaptation Transpiration photosynthesis Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. What energy source is used by Elodea? a. b. c. d. Heat Light Oxygen carbon dioxide The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly? a. b. c. d. oxygen carbon dioxide Nitrogen water vapor The energy required for photosynthesis is provided by: a. b. c. d. Proteins Sunlight Chlorophyll carbohydrates 9. Resp. vs. Chemo. Vs. Photo. Photosynthesis What is it? Cellular Respiration Chemosynthesis Process by Process by which organisms Process by which sunlight who live in harsh which oxygen and carbon conditions and glucose are dioxide are used create their own used to create to create food from ATP (energy) glucose inorganic chemicals Initial Energy Source Sun Glucose Inorganic Compounds Inputs (needs) Carbon Dioxide & Light & Water Oxygen & Glucose Inorganic Compounds Outputs (wastes) Oxygen & Glucose Carbon Dioxide X Where does it occur? Chloroplasts Mitochondria Prokaryotes Types of organisms Plants Plants & animals Bacteria Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Autotrophs Heterotrophs Autotrophs Which of these best describes the process of chemosynthesis a. DNA molecules are formed b. Cell membranes are constructed c. Food is produced using energy from inorganic compounds d. Food is produced using energy from light One of the organelles in a cell releases energy from sugars. What is this process called? a. b. c. d. Respiration Transpiration Photosynthesis chemosynthesis Compare the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria in a cell. In your response, include: - the name of the process that occurs in each organelle - the products of each process - the importance of each process to the cell • • • • • • • +1/2 chloroplasts = photosynthesis +1/2 mitochondria = cellular respiration +1/2 define photosynthesis +1/2 define cellular respiration +1/2 products photo.= oxygen & glucose +1/2 products respire.= carbon dioxide +1/2 photosynthesis is important because it creates the sugars (food) necessary for autotrophs to survive • +1/2 respiration is important because it is the energy producing processes used to create ATP for use during body functions 10. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Homologous Chromosomes • Pairs of the same chromosome Crossing Over • Process by which alleles on homologous chromosomes are exchanged creating genetically unique combinations of genes Diploid Cells (2n) • Cells with two sets of chromosomes (homologous), body cells Haploid Cells • Cells with one set of chromosomes, gamete Sex Cells/Gametes • Haploid cells with only one set of chromosomes Somatic/Body Cells • Diploid cells that are all cells except sex cells Mitosis Meiosis Purpose: To create genetically identical cells for the purpose of cell growth and repair To create genetically unique sex cells and reduce number of chromosomes for sexual reproduction Types of Cells Involved: Body Cells Sex Cells Beginning of Process: Diploid or Haploid Diploid Diploid End of Process: Diploid or Haploid Diploid Haploid Cells at End: Genetically Identical or Unique Genetically Identical Genetically Unique Does crossing over occur: No Yes Two homologous chromosomes Unique combinations of genes are created and thus During meiosis, when homologous onto offspring pair come togetherpassed (one from mother and one from father), portions/genes are exchanged Each body cell in an earthworm contains 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in each of its gametes? a. b. c. d. 18 36 54 72 Which of these represents the number of chromosomes in cells before and after the process of meiosis? a. b. c. d. nn n 2n 2n n 2n 2n After an egg cell containing 16 chromosomes is fertilized, how many chromosomes will be present in the zygote? a. b. c. d. 8 16 32 64 A sperm cell of a moth has 112 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the moth’s wing cells? a. b. c. d. 66 112 224 448 Reproductive cells are produced during: a. b. c. d. Mitosis Meiosis Fertilization Budding Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization? a. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete b. An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote c. A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote d. A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete Some coral cells undergo meiosis. Which of these would not occur during meiosis? a. Formation of a zygote b. Chromosomes crossing-over c. Production of gametes d. Reduction in the number of chromosomes Which of these does not occur during meiosis? a. Production of identical gametes b. Production of new gene combinations c. Crossing over of homologous chromosomes d. Reduction of chromosome number by one-half Horses have 64 chromosomes in each body cell. If a horse cell undergoes meiosis, how many chromosomes should be in each gamete? a. 16 b. 32 c. 64 d. 128 One kind of chromosomal mutation can occur during meiosis when a pair of chromosomes that carry genes for the same trait fail to separate. Which of these represents the sex chromosomes of a male organism when this type of chromosomal mutation has occurred? a. XXY b. XX c. XY d. XXX 11. DNA vs. RNA Nitrogen Bases Sugar Phosphate Group Nucleotide DNA: Double Stranded (double helix) Thymine Deoxyribose Stores genetic info RNA: Both: Single Stranded Nucleic Acids Uracil Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine Ribose Involved in protein synthesis Type of RNA Purpose Location mRNA Transcribes DNA triplets and transports it to ribosome Nucleus Cytoplasm tRNA Translates mRNA’s codons and affixes amino acids Cytoplasm/ Ribosome rRNA Makes up the structural component of ribosomes Ribosomes Look at the DNA Sequence: GAA TTC GCA. What do the G and A represent in the DNA sequence? a. Sugars b. Amino acids c. Phosphates d. Nitrogen bases Which of these are the repeating units that form a DNA molecules? a. b. c. d. Fatty acids Nucleotides Amino acids Chromosomes Which of these represents the structure of messenger RNA? Which of the following is correctly matched with its function? a. rRNA – contains codes to make new riobsomes b. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes c. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes d. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the ribosomes The genetic information for making a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this information to the cytoplasm. a. b. c. d. A ribosome DNA RNA An amino acid Which of these is a nucleotide: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Which of these is a sugar: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell? a. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA b. Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids c. Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosome d. Carrying amino acids to the ribosome 12. Genetics Term What it Means Genotype Dominant Trait A trait that is always expressed in a phenotype regardless of other alleles present A Recessive A trait that is only expressed in a phenotype if it is the only type of allele that is present a Homozygous A genotype in which all alleles are the same, whether they are dominant or recessive AA or aa Heterozygous A genotype in which alleles are different Aa Phenotype: • The physical expression of ones genotype Genotype • The combination of alleles and genes Cross Aa versus Aa: A a A AA Aa a Aa aa Genotype: AA:Aa:aa, 1:2:1, 25%:50%:25% Phenotype: n/a A cross between a tall plant (TT) and another tall plant T T TT t Tt Genotype: TT:Tt, 1:1, 50%:50% Phenotype: Tall, 1, 100% T TT Tt A cross between a homozygous dominant person with Brown Eyes (B) and a homozygous recessive person with blue eyes (b): b b Genotype: Bb, 1, 100% Phenotype: Brown, 1, 100% B Bb Bb B Bb Bb In humans, the trait for having a second toe that is longer than the big toe (T) is dominant; the trait for having a second toe that is shorter than the big toe (t) is recessive. A family has eight children. Six children have second toes that are longer than the big toe. Two children have second toes that are shorter than the big toe. What are the most likely genotypes of the parents? A. B. C. D. Tt and Tt Tt and tt TT and tt TT and TT In one plant, the allele for long stems (L) is dominant; the allele for short stems (l) is recessive. The scientists crossed a heterozygous, long-stemmed plant with a short-stemmed plant. Which of these shows the expected results of this cross? a. 50% long stemmed plants and 50% short stemmed plants b. 75% long stemmed plants and 25% short stemmed plants c. 100% long stemmed plants d. 100% short stemmed plants A scientist crossed a tall pea plant with a short pea plant. All of the four hundred offspring produced were tall pea plants. Which of these explains these results? a. b. c. d. The allele for tall pea plants is dominant The offspring are homozygous dominant The allele for short pea plants is dominant The offspring inherited a new mutation In humans, the allele for dimples (D) is dominant. The allele for not having dimples is recessive. A woman (DD) and a man (Dd) have four children. Which of these is the predicted ratio of the children with dimples to the children without dimples? a. b. c. d. 1:0 1:1 1:3 3:1 In humans, the allele for unattached earlobes (E) is dominant. The allele for attached earlobes (e) is recessive. A woman who is heterozygous for this trait marries a man who has attached earlobes. What is the probability that this couple’s child will have unattached earlobes? a. b. c. d. 25% 50% 75% 100% The presence of absence of freckles is determined by one gene. The allele for freckles (F) is dominant and the allele for the absence of freckles (f) is recessive. A couple has several children. All of the children have freckles because their parents’ genotypes can only produce children with freckles. Which of these are most likely the genotypes of the two parents? a. b. c. d. Ff and ff FF and ff Ff and Ff ff and ff In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to the allele for curly hair (b). Which of these sets of parents can produce offspring with curly hair? a. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair b. A homozygous male with curly hair and a homozygous female with straight hair c. A heterozygous male with straight hair and a heterozygous female with straight hair d. A homozygous male with straight hair and a homozygous female with straight hair Which of these combinations results in the expression of a recessive trait? a. b. c. d. Two dominant alleles A dominant sex-linked allele and a Y chromosome Two recessive alleles A dominant allele and a recessive allele In humans, the allele for long eyelashes is dominant (L) and allele for short eyelashes is recessive (l). A female who is heterozygous for long eyelashes and a male with short eyelashes have a child. What is the probability that their offspring will have short eyelashes? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sexlinked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data is shown below: What are the most likely genotypes of the parent flies? a. b. c. d. RR and rr Rr and Rr rr and rr RR and Rr Using the data in the table, what is the approximate ratio of red eyed offspring to brown eyed offspring? a. 1:1 b. 2:1 c. 3:1 d. 4:1 In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant. The allele for brown fur (b) is recessive. Two guinea pigs were crossed as shown in the Punnett square below. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 represent the types of offspring produced from the cross. What is the probability that an offspring from this cross would have brown fur? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% Which of these describes the phenotypes of the parent guinea pigs? a. b. c. d. Both parents have black fur Both parents have brown fur One parent has black fur, and the other brown fur One parent has a mixture of black and brown fur, and the other has black fur A pair of laboratory mice are crossed to obtain offspring. Three alleles found in the female gamete are ABC. Three alleles found in the male gamete are Abc a. AaBbCc b. AABBCC c. aabbcc d. AABbCc One parent is homozygous dominant for brown hair (BB). The other parent is heterozygous for brown (Bb). What is the probability that the offspring will have brown hair? a. 100% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% 13. Protein Synthesis Code Location Triplet DNA Codon mRNA Anti-Codon tRNA Molecule Role Location DNA Store the genetic code nucleus mRNA “transcribe” the genetic code Nucleus/cyto plasm tRNA “translate” the genetic code and carrying and bond amino acids together ribosome rRNA Form ribosomes and bind together amino acids Ribosome Enzymes Split open the DNA so it can be copied Nucleus Amino acids Bind together to form proteins Cytoplasm Amino Acid Protein tRNA Ribosomes mRNA DNA mRNA protein Transcription Amino Acids tRNA Translation mRNA Ribosome DNA mRNA tRNA A U A C G C T A U G C G G C G A U A T A U C G C T A U Which RNA sequence is produced using the DNA sequence AGC-TAC-ACT? a. b. c. d. UCG-AUG-UGA UCG-UAC-ACU TCG-ATG-TGA AGC-UAC-ACU According to the diagram, in which step is messenger RNA being constructed? a. I b. II c. III d.IV Which step involves transfer RNA? a. I b. II c. III d.IV Which step involves ribosomes? a. I b. II c. III d.IV Hemoglobin is an important protein in red blood cells. The DNA code for hemoglobin contains the following segment: TGC-GGA-CTC-CTC Which of these is the messenger RNA code for this segment of DNA? a. b. c. d. ACG-CCT-GAA-GAA TCC-GGT-CTC-CTC ACG-CCU-GAG-GAG UGC-GGA-CUC-CUC Which of the following is correctly matched with its function? a. rRNA – contains codes to make new ribosomes b. DNA – carries the amino acids to the ribosomes c. tRNA – combines with proteins to make up ribosomes d. mRNA – carries genetic codes from nucleus to the ribosomes Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related? a. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins b. Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes c. Genes are the building blocks of proteins d. Proteins are the building blocks of genes A strand of DNA has a nucleotide base sequence TAC-CGGAGT. Which of the following is the complementary mRNA sequence produced from the strand of DNA? a. b. c. d. UAC-CGG-AGU ACU-GAA-CGA AGU-UCC-UAC AUG-GCC-UCA The genetic information for making a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this information to the cytoplasm? a. b. c. d. A ribosome DNA RNA An amino acid Structure 2 in the diagram represents a: a. b. c. d. Ribosome Mitochondria Protein Chloroplasts The process in the diagram occurs in the a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Vacuole d. Chromosome Structure 1 is produced in what part of the cell? a. b. c. d. Vacuole Cytoplasm Mitochondria Nucleus A cellular process uses a strand of genetic material to produce a new strand. Parts of the strands are shown below: Original Strand: ATT CAG New Strand: UAA GUC This new strand will most likely be used for: a. b. c. d. gene splicing DNA synthesis Crossing-over Protein Synthesis What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell? a. b. c. d. Preparing the genes for messenger RNA Changing nitrogen bases into amino acids Preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes Carrying amino acids to the ribosomes Reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Result of meiosis Result of mitosis Genetically unique offspring Genetically Identical offspring Requires two parents Creates genetic variety One parent No genetic variety Asexual Reproduction Type Description Budding When a clone of the organism develops on the side of it then breaks off when fully devleoped Binary Fission A single cell is replicated and splits itself Fertilization – When two gametes come together to form a zygote Zygote A growing cell that is the result of the gametes coming together Streptococcus is a type of bacteria that causes strep throat in humans. Which of these is the type of reproduction used by Streptococcus? a. b. c. d. Binary fission Meiosis Crossing-over Budding Cholera bacteria perform binary fission to a. Reproduce asexually b. Digest food rapidly c. Regulate temperature d. Increase body size Which of these is produced as a result of fertilization: a. b. c. d. A zygote with twice the number of chromosomes as a gamete An egg with half the number of chromosomes as a zygote A gamete with twice the number of chromosomes as a zygote A zygote with half the number of chromosomes as a gamete A student observes a unicellular organism under a microscope. After a while, the organism begins to split into two cells, as shown in the diagram. Which of these best describes the process shown in the diagram? a. b. c. d. binary fission Meiosis Osmosis sexual reproduction Sea stars are genetically different from each other and from their parents. These genetic differences are the result of: a. b. c. d. Mitosis Cloning Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction What is formed when a male gamete combines with a female gamete? a. b. c. d. Zygote Egg Sperm Chromosome Apomixes is a type of asexual reproduction in which adult plants grown directly from egg cells. Which of these does not occur during apomixes? a. b. c. d. Mitosis Translation Fertilization Transcription Mutations Mutation • A mutation is a change in the gene sequence in the DNA and is passed on through generations Caused by: a) DNA nucleotide sequence is not copied properly b) Chromosomes do not completely separate during meiosis c) Extra or additional chromosomes are passed on During cell replication, an error may result in a base pair substitution. Which of these terms describes the change in base pair sequence? a) Cloning b) Meiosis c) Mutation d) Translation Which of these describes a mutation that can be inherited? a) Random breakage in a liver cell’s DNA b) Abnormal lung cells produced by toxins in smoke c) A nitrogen base substitution in a gamete cell d) Ultraviolet radiation damage to skin cells A rare disorder is caused by changes in a gene. Parents of individuals with the disorder have only normal copies of the gene. Which of these most likely caused this disorder? a) b) c) d) Mitosis Gene splicing Mutation Natural Selection Which of these results when one nitrogen base replaces another in a segment of genetic material a. b. c. d. An enzyme substrate A mutation A feedback loop An adaptation Normal thymine is found in the old strand. It is replaced by an abnormal molecule (T*) in the new strand. The abnormal molecule binds to guanine instead of binding to adenine. This is an example of: a. b. c. d. An adaptation Protein synthesis A mutation Binary fission Evolution Natural Selection: The process of change by which new species develop from preexisting species over time Overproduction Every species tends to produce more individuals than can survive to maturity Variation The individuals of a population have many characteristics that differ Selection Some individuals survive longer and reproduce more because their traits are more advantageous Adaptation The traits of those individuals that survive and reproduce will become more common in a population By comparing fossils from the past and bones of living things patterns of gradual change can be seen Embryolog y Fossil Record Biogeography Similar environmental conditions have led to similar development of adaptations Similarities in the genetic code of DNA suggest a common ancestry Similarities in embryo structures can be seen in the early development stages of many organisms Evidence for Evolution Notes Similar structures can suggest a common lineage Comparativ e Anatomy Analogous Structures DNA Similaritie s Structures with a similar function but different structures Homologous Structures Mammals living in extremely cold climates typically have thick fur and a layer of fat that insulate them from the cold. Which of these terms best describes these characteristics: a. b. c. d. Translations Alterations Adaptations Recombination Rabbits that live in warm climates have larger ears than rabbits that live in cold climates. Larger ears allow rabbits to cool themselves by releasing body heat. Which term describes this characteristic? a. b. c. d. Alteration Mutation Adaptation Recombination The mole rat is an animals that avoid predators by living underground. Its long claws and teeth allow it to dig deep holes. Scientists believe the ancestors of the mole rat lived above ground and had shorter claws and teeth. Which of these processes results in the long claws and teeth found in the modern mole rat? a. b. c. d. natural selection selective breeding genetic engineering asexual reproduction Rafflesia flowers produce the smell of rotting flesh. This smell attracts flies. When the flies land on the flowers, the pollen attaches to them. The flies then transport the pollen to other flowers. Producing a smell to attract flies is an example of: a. b. c. d. Parasitism Adaptation Replication predation Loggerhead turtles in the Atlantic Ocean return to lay their eggs on the same beaches where they hatched. Scientists have observed that the turtles have a “compass sense”. This sense allows them to use Earth’s magnetic field to find their way back to the beaches where they were hatched. Which of these terms best describes the turtle’s ability to use Earth’s magnetic field? a. b. c. d. Diversity Habitat Succession adaptation South American honeybees are resistant to the mites. Scientists believe that the North American honeybees may also become resistant to the mites in another ten years. Which of these processes will cause the honeybee population to become resistant to the mites? a. b. c. d. natural selection Chemosynthesis aerobic respiration succession Students used the three organisms shown below to study evolutionary relationships . Which of these structures are the best evidence of an evolutionary relationship? a. b. c. d. bat wing and bee wing bat lower jaw and whale lower jaw whale flipper and bee wing bat wing and whale flipper Researchers are studying slider turtles. Slider turtles hatch on the beach. The researchers discovered that larger baby turtles are more likely to survive than smaller baby turtles. They hypothesized that the larger turtles could move more quickly toward the water than the smaller turtle, reducing their exposure to predators. The survival advantage for the larger baby turtles is a result of: a. b. c. d. natural selection gene splicing Mutualism commensalim Amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. The ancestors of amphibians were probably lobe-finned fish. The diagram below shows this development of amphibians over time. Which of these terms best describes how amphibians could have developed from lobe-finned fish a. b. c. d. Selective breeding Cloning Migration Natural selection The figure below shows the skeletal structure of the seal’s flipper and a monkey’s arm. The skeletal structures of the flipper and the arm are similar even though they have different functions. Seals use their flippers for swimming, while monkeys use their arms primarily for grasping and lifting. The seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm differ in appearance. This difference is the result of: a. Migration b. Genetic engineering c. Succession d. Natural selection Which of these explains why the skeletal structures of the seal’s flipper and the monkey’s arm are similar? a. Seals and monkeys have a common ancestor b. Seals and monkeys have identical DNA sequences. c. All of the same genetic mutations occurred in seals and monkeys d. All of the same vitamins used for bone formation in seals and monkeys The ears of foxes help to regulate body heat. The fennec fox lives in the North African desert and has large ears that release body heat. The arctic fox lives in cold climates and has small earls that conserve body heat. Which of these processes led to the development of ear sizes in foxes? a. b. c. d. Selective breeding Succession Natural selection Mutualism Male fiddler crabs attract females by quickly waving their large front claw. If a claw is lost in a fight or accident, they quickly grow a hollow claw of equal length. Because the new claw is lighter, they can wave it faster. A male fiddler crab is shown below. The male fiddler crab’s new claw can be described as a. b. c. d. A clone A genotype An adaptation A dominant trait The new claw probably helps the male fiddler crab to a. b. c. d. Successfully reproduce Maintain homeostasis Fight more successfully Evolve into a new species The skull of a modern bird, the herring gull, is shown below: Which of the vertebrate skulls shown below is probably most closely related to modern birds? An insecticide is a chemical that kills insects. Most insects are killed the first time they are exposed to an insecticide. However, some insects carry a gene that enables them to survive their first exposure to an insecticide. When these surviving insects reproduce, This gene may be inherited by their offspring. The number of insecticide resistant insects usually increases over time because increasing numbers of offspring are able to survive and reproduce. Which process enables increasing numbers of insects to survive their initial exposure to an insecticide? a. b. c. d. Cloning Mutation Natural selection Genetic engineering Ecology Abiotic Factor • A non-living factor that affects the environment Biotic Factor • A living factor that affects the environment Predation When one organism (predator) hunts and eats another organism (prey) Commensalism A relationship between two organisms in which one benefits and the other is unharmed and does not benefit Mutualism A relationship between two organism s in which both organisms benefit Parasitism A relationship between two organism in which one is harmed and the other benefits. Carnivore Consumer Parasite LEAST ENERGY Consumer TROPHIC LEVEL Carnivore Consumer Consumer Herbivore Herbivore Consumer TROPHIC LEVEL Consumer Carnivore TROPHIC LEVEL Consumer Omnivore TROPHIC LEVEL MOST ENERGY Producer Consumer Herbivore 1. Which of these is an example of mutualism? A. a dragonfly eating beetles B. algae and fungi providing food and shelter for each other C. a wasp laying its eggs inside a caterpillar D. a woodpecker drilling for insects in the bark of a tree 2. Which of these describes the role of algae and cacti in an ecosystem? a. herbivore b. omnivore c. decomposer d. producer 3. In addition to eating fish eggs, the arctic grayling also eats insects and small fish. What is the ecological role of the arctic grayling? a. herbivore b. decomposer c. omnivore d. carnivore 4. Which of these shows how energy is usually transferred in a food chain? a. herbivore producer carnivore b. producer carnivore herbivore c. carnivore herbivore producer d. producer herbivore carnivore Aphids are insects that feed on fluids from the stems of plants. After the aphids ingest the plant fluids they excrete a liquid called honeydew. 5. Ladybugs eat aphids, which are a source of protein for the ladybugs. Which of these terms best describes the relationship between the ladybugs and the aphids? a. mutualism b. parasite-host c. predator-prey d. commensalim 6. Some species of ants protect aphids from predators. The ants benefit by feeding on the honeydew produced by the aphids. Which of these terms best describes the relationship between the aphids and the ants? a. mutualism b. parasite-host c. predator-prey d. commensalisms 7. The scientists discovered a species of fish that eats other fish and decaying matter. Which of these does not describe the newly discovered fish? a. consumer b. predator c. scavenger d. producer 8. Which of these describes the relationship between cholera bacteria and copepods? a. mutualism b. parasite-host c. commensalisms d. producer-consumer 9. Which of these is an abiotic factor that influences this ecosystem? a. food b. bacteria c. water temperature d. giant tubeworms 10. Which of these describes the role of the vole in the Yellowstone ecosystem. a. decomposer b. producer c. herbivore d. carnivore 11. Striped fish are affected by biotic and abiotic factors in their environment. Which of these factors is biotic? a. water temperature b. mineral nutrients c. freshwater algae d. inorganic sediments 12. Reef-building coral are marine animals with single celled algae living in their tissues. The coral provided protection for the algae and the algae provides food for the coral. Which of these statements best explains what would happen to the coral if the algae die? a. The coral would grow well because it does not have a competitor b. The coral would die because it needs the food produced by the algae c. The coral would grow well because it does not have a parasite d. The coral would die because it cannot produce food for the algae 13. Algae leave the coral when the water is too warm. What kind of factor is temperature on this relationships? a. biotic b. abiotic c. parasite d. commensalistic 14. The deer tick feeds on the blood of the red squirrel, deer, and deer mouse. Which of these best describes the role of the deer tick in the forest food web? a. parasite b. producer c. carnivore d. omnivore 15. When gypsy moth catapillars hatch which of these populations benefits first? a. red oak b. deer tick c. blue jay d. carpenter ant 16. Which of these describes the role of the red oak in the forest food web? a. omnivore b. parasite c. herbivore d. producer 17. Which term best describes the ecological relationship between hummingbirds and insects? a. mutualism b. parasite-host c. predator-prey d. commensalism 18. Which of these best describes the effects of human disturbance on the black skimmer’s eggs? a. a biotic factor b. an allele c. a niche d. an abiotic factor 19. Which of these terms best describes the relationship between the crows and the black skimmers? a. mutualism b. commensalisms c. parasite-host d. predator-prey 20. A continued decrease in black skimmer populations will most likely lead to: a. a decrease in scavenger population b. an increase in producer populations c. a decrease in decomposer populations d. an increase in prey animal populations 21. Snakes and lizards come to the bromelids to feed on frogs and their eggs. Their relationship between the snakes and lizards and frogs can best be described as: a. mutualism b. parasite-host c. predator-prey d.commensalism 22. Which of these types of organisms break down dead organic matter in the rain forest? a. producers b. predators c. herbivores d. decomposers 23. Which of these best describes the wide variety of plant and animal species in the rain forest? a. niche b. diversity c. commensalisms d. mutualism 24. A protozoan lives inside a rat and takes its nourishment from the rat’s body. Because the protozoan damages the rat’s brain, the rat loses its fear of cats. A cat attacks an infected rat; the protozoan enters the cat’s body and completes its life cycle. Which of these describes the relationship between the protozoans and the cat? a. commensalisms b. parasite-host c. mutualism d. predator-prey