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http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg http://www.dimijianimages.com/Aggression-defense-page4/vultures.jpg WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2 http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif http://www.uark.edu/depts/agripub/Publications/Agnews/mosquito.jpg Ways organisms interact ______________________ COMPETITION Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Compete with each other for available resources PREDATION __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs COOPERATION __________________________ Between SAME kind of organisms Live together and help each other SYMBIOSIS __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms live in close association with another kind of organism WHAT IS A RESOURCE? Anything needed by an organism for life ____________________________________________ Examples: Nutrients, water, light, space ________________________ COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources. FOOD http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr3/community3.jpg COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: shelter http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Images/LBUN-5K538R/$File/fox_adultandcub.jpg http://www.gdccc.org/Records/EOY2004/NSEOY.htm COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources mates http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/thumb/3/34/200px-Peacock_courting_peahen.jpg COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: space/territory http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg Prairie dogs - 5 to 35 per acre Mountain lion- 1 male per 50-300 sq. mi http://www.rilanationalpark.org/gr.phtml?dir=../../pictures/in_text&img=/65_1180.jpg COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: LIGHT http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html http://www.csjbacau.ro/gallery/images/Beech%20Tree%20Forest%20in%20Slanic%20Moldova.jpg Ways organisms interact PREDATION ___________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif PREDATION Organisms in an ecosystem that capture and eat other organisms to supply their energy needs http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/images/wspred_6.jpg INTERDEPENDENCE All living and non-living things in an ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world. ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder COMPETITION If resources are scarce, some organisms will starve and populations will decrease. If resources become more plentiful, populations will increase. Competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser . . . with the loser failing to survive! SHORT SUPPLY If a nutrient is in _____________ CYCLES SLOWLY OR __________________ it will LIMIT the growth of the population LIMITING FACTOR = _____________ During this drought, there was not enough food available and many kangaroos starved. http://www.wspa-international.org/exhibition/gallery/large_DeadKenyan%20droughtSPANA.jpg REMEMBER: EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED ! BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve. Fewer predators mean prey population will increase. Increase in prey means more food for predators. Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . . and the cycle repeats itself. LIMITING NUTRIENT The short supply of a limiting nutrient keeps the population in check. http://www.greenfacts.org/images/glossary/algae-bloom.jpg When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input of limiting nutrient (ie.,fertilizer runoff) the BLOOM population increases dramatically = ALGAL ___________ Ways organisms interact COOPERATION __________________ Between SAME kind of organisms Live together and help each other http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc Share food & childcare responsibilities Groom each other Take care of sick http://www.kenyatravelideas.com/african-elephants.html http://www.sphoto.com/medium/meercats37.jpg http://people.uleth.ca/~d.rendall/groom4.jpg COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc Hunt in packs Provide protection http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg http://rosswarner.com/zebras1.jpg Ways organisms interact SYMBIOSIS __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Live in close association with another kind of organism http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg 3 KINDS of SYMBIOSIS ______________________ MUTUALISM Both organisms benefit COMMENSALISM ______________________ One organism benefits; Other is neither harmed nor helped _____________________ PARASITISM One organism benefits; Other is harmed in some way MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Birds eat parasites living on the hides of giraffes and rhinos while enjoying protection from predators. Groomed animals lose their pests. http://www.imbt.org/science.htm http://www.hugheshome.net/jon/africa02/images/rhino_bird_JPG.jpg MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Insects transfer pollen between plants as they gather nectar for food. http://www.providence.edu/bio/faculty/adams/LECTUREProvCollegeMutualism.html http://www.yksd.com/DistanceEdCourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/SecondQuarterLessons/Chapter5/5-5/images/3-way-mutualism.jpg MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Clown fish gets protection from enemies by hiding out in poisonous sea anemones Sea anemone gets scraps of leftover food dropped by fish http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg COMMENSALISM “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you” http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16shark.gif Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark; Shark is neither harmed nor helped COMMENSALISM “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you” http://www.abyssal.com/meeks/images/hermit_crab.jpg Hermit crabs make homes in shells abandoned by snails; Snail is not harmed by crab PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16parasitism.whale.gif Barnacles are crustaceans that attach to the surface of whales and feed on their skin and fluids; Whale is harmed PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/guineafowltickphotos.htm Tick feeds on dog’s blood; Dog has discomfort, can get diseases/infection from bite PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine; host is harmed http://www.biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Platyhelminthes/tapeworms.jpg http://www.animationlibrary.com/search/?keywords=recycle BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 3-3 See a video clip about CYCLES IN NATURE - Chap 3 http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm ENERGY & MATTER Energy is not the only thing that moves through the ecosystem. Atoms are never destroyed . . . only transformed. Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html 4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ___________________________ WATER CYCLE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE = ___________________ http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Makes up 60-70% of your body Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the building blocks of cells ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons photosynthesis for_______________ http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? SOLVENT Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with HOMEOSTASIS __________________ http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm WATER CYCLE evaporation condensation http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves TRANSPIRATION = ________________ The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. PRECIPITATION = ____________________ Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start CARBON CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE 1.In ____________ atmosphere as CO2 gas ocean as dissolved CO2 gas 2.In _______ land 3.On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil Underground as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and 4.__________ calcium carbonate in rocks CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Volcanic activity 1.________________ Human activity (burning fossil fuels) 2.______________ Cellular respiration 3._________________ Decomposition of dead organisms 4.____________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? BLOCKS of cells: Found in all the BUILDING _______________ carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for GLUCOSE production during __________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg NITROGEN CYCLE Section 3-3 N2 in Atmosphere NO3and NO2- NH3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? NITROGEN BASES __________________make DNA and RNA ATP Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in _______ amino acids (proteins) Makes AMINO part of _________ Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell 79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2) CAN’T BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by lightning _______________ Volcanic activity _______________ few special bacteria ____________________ Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell in the soil Bacteria that live ______________ symbiotic and in _________ relationships with legumes plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and AMMONIA (NH3) turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED NITROGEN FIXATION _________________ http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif Other bacteria in the soil convert - ) NITRATES (NO 3 ammonia into ________________ -) & NITRITES (NO 2 & _________________ which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from WE EAT the FOOD ___________ NOT THE AIR ___________ we breathe! Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell NITROGEN CYCLE Section 3-3 N2 in Atmosphere NO3and NO2- NH3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 in the soil Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process NITRATES & NITRITES NITROGEN GAS ___________ → _____________ . THIS PROCESS IS CALLED DENITRIFICATION _________________ Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water Sediments form “new land” to complete cycle Phosphate moves through food web Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition Phosphorus cycle is only biogeochemical cycle that does NOT cycle through the atmosphere ______________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT? Makes DNA and RNA Transfers energy as ATP Makes phospholipids for cell membranes Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm Image by Riedell SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. • • Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches and symbiotic relationships. Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions. Examples: Dormancy and migration Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Biogeochemical cycles Energy flow Cooperation and competition in ecosystems SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. • Define populations, communities, ecosystems, niches and symbiotic relationships. • Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions. Examples: Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Energy flow Core High School Life/Earth Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles High school students performing at the BASIC level: given pictorial representations of the H20 and C cycles explain how elements and compounds move between living and nonliving systems describe one factor that may affect global climate predict how life systems respond to changes in the environment; explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; describe how various factors may affect global climate; SOUTH DAKOTA CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS LIFE SCIENCE: Indicator 3: Analyze how organisms are linked to one another and the environment. 9-12.L.3.1. Students are able to identify factors that can cause changes in stability of populations, communities, and ecosystems. • Predict the results of biotic and abiotic interactions. Examples: Fluctuation in available resources (water, food, shelter) Biogeochemical cycles SOUTH DAKOTA CORE EARTH SCIENCE STANDARDS Indicator 1: Analyze the various structures and processes of the Earth system. 9-12.E.1.1. Students are able to explain how elements and compounds cycle between living and non-living systems. • Diagram and describe the N, C, O and H2O cycles. • Describe the importance of the N, C, O and H2O cycles to life on this planet. Examples: water cycle including evaporation, cloud formation, condensation. SOUTH DAKOTA ADVANCED SCIENCE STANDARDS EARTH SCIENCE: Indicator 1: Analyze the various structures and processes of the Earth system. 9-12.E.1.1.A Students are able to explain how elements and compounds cycle between living and non-living systems. • Diagram and describe the P, S, and Ca cycles. Core High School Earth Science Performance Descriptors High school students performing at the ADVANCED level: High school students performing at the PROFICIENT level: predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles; predict how human activity may change the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth. High school students performing at the BASIC level explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; give an example of human activity that changes the land, ocean, or atmosphere of Earth. explain how H20, N, C, and O cycle between living and non-living systems; explain how human activity changes the land, ocean, and atmosphere of Earth. IMAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/lect02.htm Paint image by Riedell Paint image by Riedell http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCHEM2.html#Organic%20molecules http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.html http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://classes.kumc.edu/som/bioc801/lectures/images/mem01-08.gif http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_nucleus.html http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg http://www.kufm.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/~anatomy2/BON/1016A03.jpg http://www.carolguze.com/text/102-19-tissuesorgansystems.shtml http://academic.pg.cc.md.us/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Immune/Innate_Images/cilia.jpg http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookAnimalTS.html http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19/147b.gif http://www.proctitispages.force9.co.uk/ http://vilenski.org/science/safari/fungus/fungus.html http://www.harrythecat.com/graphics/ http://bestanimations.com http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/homepage.htm http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/animal%20dissections.htm