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The Chemistry of Life MCAS Biology Ms Mahoney The Chemistry of Life • Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. • Essential Elements – Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, and S. Hierarchy of Life • • • • • • • • Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Organelles Compounds Elements/Atoms 6 Essential Elements for Life ELEMENT SYMBOL Carbon C Hydrogen H Oxygen O Nitrogen N Sulfur S Phosphorus P 4 most important: H O N C if you love Life!!! Carbon • Used in all of life’s compounds • Most Important for life • Creates connections (bonds) with many other elements – H N O S P and C – Creates many different compounds (organic) The Chemistry of Life • Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. • Organic Compounds – Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). Organic Compounds • Single parts: monomers – Mono means one • Many parts: polymers – Poly means many • 4 Organic Compounds – Lipids – Carbohydrates – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Lipids • Monomer – Hydrocarbon chain and glycerin • Examples – Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cell membrane • Jobs – Store energy – Keep water in or out (waterproofing) Carbohydrates • Made from C H and O – Glucose C6H12O6 • Monomer – Monosaccharide • Polymer – Polysaccharide • Examples – Sugar (ends in “ose” like glucose) – Starch, cellulose • Jobs – Quick Energy Proteins • Monomer – Amino Acid • Polymer – Polypeptide or Protein • Examples – Enzymes (help in chemical reactions, ends in “ase”) – Hemoglobin (carries oxygen in blood) – Insulin (tells cells they can take in sugar) • Jobs – Performs most of the body’s functions – Fight disease, movement Nucleic Acids • Monomer – Nucleotide • Polymer – Nucleic Acid • Examples – DNA, RNA, ATP • Jobs – Holds genetic information – Helps make proteins – Carries energy (ATP) The Chemistry of Life • Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic functions of life. • Enzymes – Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes. Enzymes • Type of protein • Ends in “ase” • Catalyst – Speed up chemical reactions – Some reactions need energy to work and enzymes help by lowering the amount of “activation” energy Enzymes • Conditions that affect when enzymes work – pH • Enzymes in the stomach work at a lower pH than in the muscles – Temperature • Enzymes in the body work best at 98.6°F • If it gets too cold or too hot, enzymes can not work – Chemical reactions can not work