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Transcript
Chapter 3 Biochemistry I. Carbon Compounds • Inorganic vs. Organic • Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon atoms • Organic compounds contain carbon atoms Carbon Bonding • Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell – It wants to gain 4 more to become stable with 8 – Carbon readily forms four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements – Carbon is unique from other elements because it can bond with other carbon atoms – Because of all the preceding, carbon is able to form an enormous variety of organic bonds • Single Bond-sharing one pair of electrons • Double Bondsharing two pair of electrons • Triple Bond-sharing three pair of electrons Functional Groups • Clusters of atoms that influence the properties or characteristics of the molecule Large Carbon Molecules • Monomers- a simple molecule, smallest subunit • Polymers- made of repeating monomers • Macromolecules- made up of large polymers • Condensation Reactionsrelease a molecule of water to form a bond • Hydrolysis- water • is added to break • a polymer You Down with ATP? • Cells run on energy in the form of ATP – Adenosine triphosphate – Phosphate groups attached by covalent bonds, which store high amounts of energy II. Molecules of Life • • • • Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O, Serve as a source of energy or used for structural materials • Monosaccharides- a monomer of a carbohydrate (glucose, fructose and galactose) • Disaccharides- two monosaccharides or a double sugar (glucose + fructose = sucrose) • Polysaccharides- three or more monosaccharides • Animals store glucose in the form of the polysaccharide glycogen • Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide starch • Strength and rigidity in plants is caused by the structure of the polysaccharide cellulose Proteins • Composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, provide structure for cells • Amino acids-monomers of protein (building blocks) • Dipeptides-two amino acids held together by a peptide bond • Polypeptides- three or more amino acids, held together by peptide bonds Amino Acids • 20 different amino acids • All contain – – – – – Central carbon Amino group A carboxyl group (COOH) A single hydrogen R group (the only thing different between the 20 amino acids) influences the properties of the amino acid Peptide Bond • Covalent bond linking two amino acids • A condensation reaction (water is formed and released) • Long chains of amino acids has positive and negative regions which fold to give protein molecules unique shapes • The shapes can be denatured when heated Enzymes • RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts • Depend on the fit between – Substrate – Enzymes active site Lipids • Long chains of carbon with many hydrogens • Function is to store energy • Include: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids Fatty Acids • Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids • Long chain of carbon with a carboxyl group at one end • Carboxyl end is polar and therefore hydrophilic • Hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and therefore hydrophobic • Fatty acids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and waxes • Saturated Fatty Acids – Carbon atoms fully saturated with hydrogens • Unsaturated Fatty Acids – Carbon atoms with double bonds Triglycerides • 3 molecules of a fatty acid joined to one molecule of the alcohol glycerol • Saturated triglycerides have high melting points and are hard at room temp (butter and fats in red meat) • Unsaturated are usually soft or liquid at room temp and found in plant seeds (olive oil) Phospholipids • Two fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group attached to the third carbon of the glycerol • Help make up the cell membrane • Lipid bilayer – Hydrophobic head – Hydrophilic tail Waxes • A long fatty acid chain connected to a long alcohol chain • Waterproof • Help form protective coating in plants and animals (earwax) Steroids • Four fused carbon rings with various functional groups • Hormones • Cholesterol Nucleic Acids • DNA – Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs cell activities • RNA – Stores and transfer information of DNA to make proteins • Composed of nucleotides – Sugar – Phosphate – Base Review • What do all organic compounds contain? – Carbon How many electrons are shared in a double bond? • 4 electrons (aka 2 pair) How many electrons does carbon want to gain? • 4 electrons What is the smallest subunit • Monomer • What is the monomer of carbohydrates? – monosaccharides • What is the monomer of proteins? – Amino acid • How do animals store glucose? – Glycogen • How do plants store glucose? – Starch • What are the polymers of carbohydrates – polysaccharides • What are the polymers of protein? – Polypeptides • What are the only two macromolecules that contain nitrogen? – Proteins – Nucleic Acids • Which macromolecule is nonpolar? – Lipids